THE CONVERSION FROM INFORMALITY TO A FORMAL ENTITY: LINKS TO THE NATURE OF THE OWNER-MANAGER

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
EL HASSANIA RAHOU ◽  
AHMED TAQI
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Human Capital Theory ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Entrepreneurship Training ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Using Data

Recognizing the heterogeneity of informal microentrepreneurs, this paper assesses the determinants of their willingness to enter the formal sector. Based on human capital theory and social capital theory, we test the hypothesis that firm decision-making regarding formalization is a function of the nature of the informal microentrepreneur. Using data collected from 500 informal microentrepreneurs in Morocco, and employing a logistic regression model, we find that higher education level, motivation by business opportunity, entrepreneurship training, work experience, gender and the importance of social networks have an impact on the desire to formalize. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications.

scholarly journals CEOs’ International Work Experience and Compensation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Schmid ◽  
Sebastian Baldermann
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
Human Capital Theory ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
International Work ◽  
Executive Remuneration ◽  
To Receive

AbstractIn this paper, we study the effect a CEO’s international work experience has on his or her compensation. By combining human capital theory with a resource dependence and a resource-based perspective, we argue that international work experience translates into higher pay. We also suggest that international work experience comprises several dimensions that affect CEO compensation: duration, timing and breadth of stays abroad. With data from Europe’s largest stock market firms, we provide evidence that the longer the international work experiences and the more numerous they are, the higher a CEO’s compensation. While, based on our theoretical arguments, we expect to find that later international work experiences pay off for CEOs, our empirical analysis shows that earlier international work experiences are particularly valuable in terms of compensation. In addition, our data support the argument that maturity allows a CEO to take advantage of the skills, knowledge and competencies obtained via international experience—and to receive a higher payoff. With our study, we improve the understanding of how different facets of a CEO’s background shape executive remuneration.

scholarly journals Getting a Child through Secondary School and to College in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler W. Myroniuk ◽  
Reeve Vanneman ◽  
Sonalde Desai
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
High Status ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Parental Experience ◽  
Educational Demand ◽  
Nationally Representative

In the classic formulations of social capital theory, families employ their social capital resources to enhance other capitals, in particular their human capital investments. Social capital would seem to be especially important in the case of India, where, in recent years, higher education has been under considerable stress with rising educational demand, inadequate supply, and little parental experience to guide children's transition through the education system. We use the 2005 and 2012 waves of the nationally representative India Human Development Survey (IHDS) to show how relatively high-status connections advantage some families' chances of their children reaching educational milestones such as secondary school completion and college entry. The 2005 IHDS survey measure of a household's formal sector contacts in education, government, and health predicts their children's educational achievements by the second wave, seven years later, controlling for households' and children's initial backgrounds.

Honesty, Trust and Economic Growth

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlef Fetchenhauer ◽  
Gerben van der Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Psychological Determinants ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Using Data ◽  
High Level ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

Summary: This article investigates cross-country differences in economic growth rates from a psychological perspective. Based on social capital theory it is argued that 1) financial honesty and trust are positively correlated with each other when they are aggregated on a country level and that 2) a high level of financial honesty and trust in a given country reduces transaction costs and thus stimulates economic growth. Using data from the World-Value-Surveys in 1981 and 1990 these hypotheses are empirically confirmed. The influence of social capital (i.e., financial honesty and trust) on economic growth was robust and substantial even if a number of relevant variables like gross national product (GNP), urbanization, economic inequality or the proportion of agriculture in gross domestic product were controlled. Thus, it seems worthwhile for economic psychology to further explore the influence of psychological determinants (like trust and honesty) on macroeconomic variables like economic growth or wealth.

Examining the Victim-Offender Overlap

2019 ◽  
pp. 246-266
Author(s):  
Monica Bixby Radu
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Bully Victimization ◽  
Violent Offending ◽  
Multiple Contexts ◽  
Safer Schools

Because of the negative consequences associated with adolescent behavioral problems, such as violence, more research is needed that focuses on the interconnectedness between unsafe schools, bully victimization, and subsequent violence. Additional research may also help identify the processes through which victimized individuals become offenders. Drawing from Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory and Coleman's social capital theory, this researcher argues that the bonds between youths and their families and youths and their schools are important for understanding violent offending. Additionally, this chapter merges insights from sociological and criminological research to explore how unsafe schools and victimization occurring in multiple contexts contributes to youths becoming violent offenders. This chapter also provides policy implications, stressing the importance of an approach that considers how we can best invest in youth's future by bridging families and schools to promote safer schools for all students.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship Training and Sustainability of Entrepreneurial Activities: A Case of Cοcοnut Sub-Sectοr in Kwale Cοunty, Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (VI) ◽  
pp. 327-353
Author(s):  
Flοrence Chepkurui Rοnο ◽  
Lawrence Wainaina
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Opportunity Identification ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Entrepreneurship Training ◽  
Entrepreneurial Marketing ◽  
Marketing Orientation ◽  
Resource Identification ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Extensive studies have been conducted on entrepreneurship training and sustainability of entrepreneurial activities. Findings from these studies have shown that entrepreneurship training greatly influence the sustainability of entrepreneurial activities. These studies have however created cοntextual and methοdοlοgical gaps since they have fοcused οn different cοntext οther than Kwale Cοunty and cοncentrated οn different pοpulatiοns such as students in variοus settings. Lack of entrepreneurship training has dealt a major blow to most of the coconut sub-sector enterprises leading to their unsustainability or failures altogether. As such, the aim of this study was to find how entrepreneurship training affects sustainability of entrepreneurial activities in the coconut sub-sector in Kwale County, Kenya. The study was to assess the influence of opportunity identification training, resource identification training, business managerial training and entrepreneurial marketing training and sustainability of entrepreneurial activities in the coconut sub-sector in Kwale County. The study was grounded on social capital theory, knowledge spill over theory of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship innovation theory and Marketing Orientation Theory. The study used descriptive and Explanatory research designs. The population of focus was the 264 respondents drawn from the 42 institutions including coconut processors, farmer’s cooperatives, marketing Agents for example EPC, National and County governments agencies and corporations as well as tertiary institutions offering entrepreneurship education in Kwale County. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 30% (79) respondents. A questionnaire was used to collect the data from the respondents. Descriptives and regression analyses was utilized to analyse the collected data. The study found a strong and significant relationship between the four independent variables and the dependent variable. The study concluded that various aspects of opportunity identification, resοurce identificatiοn, business managerial and entrepreneurship marketing training affect sustainability οf entrepreneurial activities οf cοcοnut sub-sectοr in Kwale Cοunty. The study recommended that there is need for concerned institutions to develop a practical oriented entrepreneurship curriculum that enhances resource identification. It is important that organizers, funding organizations and executers of entrepreneurship training continuously review the objectives of such trainings to ensure that they are relevant and contributing to different facets of entrepreneurship ventures. Training programmes, such as the business growth training, should be offered more frequently and target a higher number of entrepreneurs so that they too could benefit and acquire business management skills. The relevant stakeholders in the coconut sub-sector should leverage training on entrepreneurial marketing strategy in order to grow their business, suggested entrepreneurial strategies like guerilla and buzz marketing strategies, this are vital for the firm to grow.

Trust, Social Networks and Electronic Commerce Adoption

2011 ◽  
pp. 452-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apivut Chakuthip ◽  
Yvonne Brunetto ◽  
Rod Farr-Wharton ◽  
Sheryl Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Network Member ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Intention To Adopt

This chapter uses the structural and relational dimension of Social Capital Theory as the lens for examining the factors affecting a Small and Medium Enterprise’s (SME) intention to adopt electronic commerce (EC), using a one-shot experimental design. The findings suggest that in terms of the network structure, Thai SME owner/managers predominantly use their strong ties (such as family, relatives, friends) when discussing EC adoption issues. Moreover, trust in social networks (both predisposition to and experience of trust) was found to significantly influence the intention to adopt EC. This means that when Thai SME owner/managers are considering exploiting a potential business opportunity, the trustworthiness of the social network member appears to be more important than their credibility. An important implication of the findings is that, in mostly using their strong ties with family and friends, Thai SME owner/managers may not be obtaining accurate information about the benefits and costs involved in EC adoption.

scholarly journals Social Capital Role in Solving Land Degradation in Tulis Watershed

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-256
Author(s):  
Ari Kusbiantoro ◽  
San Afri Awang ◽  
Totok Gunawan ◽  
Ahmad Maryudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Land Using

The research aimed at studying social capital role in land degradation solving of Tulis watershed. The parameters under observation were social capital (trust, norm, and social networking), social-economic condition, and land management in Tulis watershed. The parameters were achieved by using data triangulation principle. The analysis used was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The model used five variables, which were social capital (X1), society structure (X2), land using conflict (Y1), land management strategy (Y2), and land degradation (Y3). Perspective of social capital theory could be used to explain the interaction between society socio-cultural behaviors and land degradation of Tulis watershed. The model proved that society structure with effective social capital, low conflict in land using, and good land management strategy afforded to decrease land degradation of Tulis watershed.

scholarly journals International Top Managers on Corporate Boards: Dissimilarity and Tenure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Schmid ◽  
Simon Mitterreiter
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Interpersonal Attraction ◽  
Social Capital Theory ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
Board Diversity ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
International Work ◽  
Top Managers ◽  
Top Manager

AbstractThe number of top managers with foreign nationality and of top managers with international work experience on corporate boards has increased over the last decades. In business and management literature, the common understanding is that board diversity and international work experience for board members go hand in hand with numerous positive consequences for MNCs. But how does dissimilarity in nationality and in international work experience affect a top manager and his or her tenure on the board? Drawing on interpersonal attraction research and analyzing 149 management board members from German DAX-30 firms, we find empirical evidence that dissimilarity in nationality and in international work experience have a negative association with tenure. Based on social capital theory, we also suggest that the nexus between a top manager with an international background and his or her tenure is moderated by ‘firm insidership’. Our data confirm that having work experience in a firm before being appointed to its board is indeed linked to longer tenure but does not alleviate the disadvantages of being international. In sum, the resulting implication of our research is that, contrary to widely accepted scholarly opinions, a top manager’s international background may also have detrimental effects—in our case negative effects on tenure.

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