SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN CYCLIC DEFORMED HETEROGENEOUS ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

2011 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 507-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIHAI ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Hydraulic Permeability ◽  
Material Inhomogeneity ◽  
Transport Behavior

Solute transport in biological tissues is a fundamental process of supplying nutrients to tissue cells. Due to the avascular nature of cartilage, nutrients have to diffuse into the tissue to exert their biological effects. Whilst significant research efforts have been made over last decade towards understanding the solute transport behavior within the cartilage, the effect of dynamic loading on the transport process is still not fully understood. By treating cartilage as a homogeneous tissue, recent theoretical studies generally indicate that physiologically relevant mechanical loading could potentially enhance solute uptake in cartilage. However, like most biological tissues, articular cartilage is actually an inhomogeneous tissue with direction-dependent mechanical properties (such as aggregate modulus and hydraulic permeability). The inhomogeneity of tissue mechanical properties may have considerable influence on solute transport, and thereby need critical investigation. Using an engineering approach, a quantitative theoretical model has been developed in this study to investigate the solute transport behavior in cartilage in consideration of its material inhomogeneity. Using a cylindrical cartilage disk undergoing unconfined cyclic deformation as a case study, the model results demonstrate that inhomogeneous cartilage properties could potentially influence the magnitude and profile of interstitial fluid velocity and pressure throughout the cartilage. Furthermore, the enhancement of solute transport by dynamic loading is depth-dependent due to the inhomogeneous distribution of material properties.

scholarly journals Modeling of Neutral Solute Transport in a Dynamically Loaded Porous Permeable Gel: Implications for Articular Cartilage Biosynthesis and Tissue Engineering

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 602-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Mauck ◽  
Clark T. Hung ◽  
Gerard A. Ateshian
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Compressive Strain ◽  
Convective Transport ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Bathing Solution ◽  
Loading Frequency

A primary mechanism of solute transport in articular cartilage is believed to occur through passive diffusion across the articular surface, but cyclical loading has been shown experimentally to enhance the transport of large solutes. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of dynamic loading within a theoretical context, and to investigate the circumstances under which convective transport induced by dynamic loading might supplement diffusive transport. The theory of incompressible mixtures was used to model the tissue (gel) as a mixture of a gel solid matrix (extracellular matrix/scaffold), and two fluid phases (interstitial fluid solvent and neutral solute), to solve the problem of solute transport through the lateral surface of a cylindrical sample loaded dynamically in unconfined compression with frictionless impermeable platens in a bathing solution containing an excess of solute. The resulting equations are governed by nondimensional parameters, the most significant of which are the ratio of the diffusive velocity of the interstitial fluid in the gel to the solute diffusivity in the gel Rg, the ratio of actual to ideal solute diffusive velocities inside the gel Rd, the ratio of loading frequency to the characteristic frequency of the gel f^, and the compressive strain amplitude ε0. Results show that when Rg>1,Rd<1, and f^>1, dynamic loading can significantly enhance solute transport into the gel, and that this effect is enhanced as ε0 increases. Based on representative material properties of cartilage and agarose gels, and diffusivities of various solutes in these gels, it is found that the ranges Rg>1,Rd<1 correspond to large solutes, whereas f^>1 is in the range of physiological loading frequencies. These theoretical predictions are thus in agreement with the limited experimental data available in the literature. The results of this study apply to any porous hydrated tissue or material, and it is therefore plausible to hypothesize that dynamic loading may serve to enhance solute transport in a variety of physiological processes.

scholarly journals The mechanical properties of tibiofemoral and patellofemoral articular cartilage in compression depend on anatomical regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Li ◽  
Jinming Li ◽  
Shengbo Yu ◽  
Chengwei Wu ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Constitutive Models ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Rate Dependency ◽  
Unconfined Compression ◽  
Femoral Groove ◽  
Stiffening Effect

AbstractArticular cartilage in knee joint can be anatomically divided into different regions: medial and lateral condyles of femur; patellar groove of femur; medial and lateral plateaus of tibia covered or uncovered by meniscus. The stress–strain curves of cartilage in uniaxially unconfined compression demonstrate strain rate dependency and exhibit distinct topographical variation among these seven regions. The femoral cartilage is stiffer than the tibial cartilage, and the cartilage in femoral groove is stiffest in the knee joint. Compared with the uncovered area, the area covered with meniscus shows the stiffer properties. To investigate the origin of differences in macroscopic mechanical properties, histological analysis of cartilage in seven regions are conducted. The differences are discussed in terms of the cartilage structure, composition content and distribution. Furthermore, the commonly used constitutive models for biological tissues, namely Fung, Ogden and Gent models, are employed to fit the experimental data, and Fung and Ogden models are found to be qualified in representing the stiffening effect of strain rate.

Use of Nanoindentation to Determine Biphasic Material Properties of Articular Cartilage

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Miller ◽  
Elise F. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Cartilage Degeneration ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Small Animal Models ◽  
Force Displacement ◽  
Articular Cartilage Degeneration

Nanoindentation (NI) has been used with increasing frequency to characterize the mechanical properties of biological tissues. However, the majority of prior studies in this area have focused on hard tissues such as bone, enamel, and dentin [1]. For soft, hydrated tissues and biomaterials, methods of analyzing the force-displacement curves to obtain meaningful information on viscoelastic material properties are still under development. In particular, methods for using NI to quantify the biphasic material properties (aggregate modulus HA, permeability k, Poisson’s ratio ν) of tissues such as articular cartilage have not been established. Such methods could be applied in studies using small animal models to investigate biological and biomechanical mechanisms of articular cartilage degeneration and repair. The overall goal of this study was to develop the use of NI for characterization of the mechanical properties of soft, hydrated materials.

scholarly journals Dynamic loading of deformable porous media can induce active solute transport

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (15) ◽  
pp. 3152-3157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Albro ◽  
Nadeen O. Chahine ◽  
Roland Li ◽  
Keith Yeager ◽  
Clark T. Hung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Deformable Porous Media

scholarly journals Influence of Chemical Osmosis on Solute Transport and Fluid Velocity in Clay Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-238
Author(s):  
Zhihong Zhang ◽  
Gailei Tian ◽  
Lin Han
Keyword(s):  
Solute Transport ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Chemical Osmosis ◽  
Advection Diffusion Equation ◽  
Test Study ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Membrane Effect

AbstractSolute transport through the clay liner is a significant process in many waste landfills or unmanaged landfills. At present, researchers mainly focus on the test study about semi-membrane property of clay material, however, the influence of chemical osmosis caused by membrane effect on solute transport and fluid velocity is insufficient. In this investigation, based on the classical advection-diffusion equation, a one-dimensional solute transport model for low-permeable clay material has been proposed, in which the coupled fluid velocity related with hydraulic gradient and concentration gradient is introduced, and the semi-membrane effect is embodied in the diffusion mechanism. The influence of chemical osmosis on fluid velocity and solute transport has been analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The simulated results show that chemical osmosis has a significant retarded action on fluid velocity and pollutant transport. The proposed model can effectively reveal the change in process of coupled fluid velocity under dual gradient and solute transport, which can provide a theoretical guidance for similar fluid movement in engineering.

scholarly journals Protein Hydrogels: The Swiss Army Knife for Enhanced Mechanical and Bioactive Properties of Biomaterials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1656
Author(s):  
Carla Huerta-López ◽  
Jorge Alegre-Cebollada
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Protein Hydrogels ◽  
Large Water ◽  
Design Options

Biomaterials are dynamic tools with many applications: from the primitive use of bone and wood in the replacement of lost limbs and body parts, to the refined involvement of smart and responsive biomaterials in modern medicine and biomedical sciences. Hydrogels constitute a subtype of biomaterials built from water-swollen polymer networks. Their large water content and soft mechanical properties are highly similar to most biological tissues, making them ideal for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. The mechanical properties of hydrogels and their modulation have attracted a lot of attention from the field of mechanobiology. Protein-based hydrogels are becoming increasingly attractive due to their endless design options and array of functionalities, as well as their responsiveness to stimuli. Furthermore, just like the extracellular matrix, they are inherently viscoelastic in part due to mechanical unfolding/refolding transitions of folded protein domains. This review summarizes different natural and engineered protein hydrogels focusing on different strategies followed to modulate their mechanical properties. Applications of mechanically tunable protein-based hydrogels in drug delivery, tissue engineering and mechanobiology are discussed.

scholarly journals Concomitant control of mechanical properties and degradation in resorbable elastomer-like materials using stereochemistry and stoichiometry for soft tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Wandel ◽  
Craig A. Bell ◽  
Jiayi Yu ◽  
Maria C. Arno ◽  
Nathan Z. Dreger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Soft Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Soft Tissue Engineering ◽  
Degradation Properties ◽  
Enhance Cell Adhesion

AbstractComplex biological tissues are highly viscoelastic and dynamic. Efforts to repair or replace cartilage, tendon, muscle, and vasculature using materials that facilitate repair and regeneration have been ongoing for decades. However, materials that possess the mechanical, chemical, and resorption characteristics necessary to recapitulate these tissues have been difficult to mimic using synthetic resorbable biomaterials. Herein, we report a series of resorbable elastomer-like materials that are compositionally identical and possess varying ratios of cis:trans double bonds in the backbone. These features afford concomitant control over the mechanical and surface eroding degradation properties of these materials. We show the materials can be functionalized post-polymerization with bioactive species and enhance cell adhesion. Furthermore, an in vivo rat model demonstrates that degradation and resorption are dependent on succinate stoichiometry in the elastomers and the results show limited inflammation highlighting their potential for use in soft tissue regeneration and drug delivery.

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