scholarly journals Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative from the Relational Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 2150004
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Wang
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Relational Theory ◽  
Regional Governance ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Relational Governance ◽  
Relational Perspective ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Relational Management ◽  
The Belt And Road

Western International Relations (IR) theoriests have examined the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through different theoretical lenses and produced inconclusive interpretations. This paper suggests that the relational theory of world politics, developed by the Chinese IR scholar Qin Yaqing, tends to look at IR from a different perspective. The logic of relationality and the relational concepts, such as relational management, relational governance and relational system, are applied to analyze the BRI. First, the relational perspective sheds light on Beijing’s efforts to manage and improve the relations with its neighbouring countries, rather than to pursue regional domination and compete with Washington. Second, the relational perspective suggests relational governance as a new possibility of regional governance to facilitate regional development and cooperation, which is different from the Western rule-based governance. Last, should BRI be carried out successfully, there might exist a relational international system in Asia, which is also different from the Westphalian nation-state system.

scholarly journals Chińska inicjatywa pasa i szlaku a ryzyko zadłużenia jej beneficjentów

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Tomaszewska
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Global Supply Chains ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Scientific Goal ◽  
The World ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
The Belt And Road

Chinese Belt and Road initiative (BRI) is not only an economic or political project, but also has the potential to transform the international system. The initiative‘s impact is large – from stimulating the financing of infrastructure investments in various countries around the world to the development of new global supply chains. The scientific goal of the article is to analyze the consequences of implementing the initiative. The research problem is included in the following question: does the Belt and Road Initiative contribute to increasing Chinese influence in the world and carries the risk of driving poorer countries into the ―debt trap‖? The conclusion from the article is that China should create an improved version of the BRI initiative based on a better risk assessment of the current projects. Infrastructure investments, if not carefully implemented and controlled, may lead to consequences, such as increasing the debt of some countries in the long term.

China and the Struggle over the Future of International Order

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongying Pang
Keyword(s):  
International Institutions ◽  
International Order ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Investment Bank ◽  
The Future ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
The Belt And Road

This chapter discusses China’s changing attitude, doctrine, and policy actions towards international order and offers some tentative findings on the complexity of China’s role in the struggle over the future of international order. This complexity results from China’s efforts simultaneously to consolidate its presence in the existing international order but also to reform existing global governance institutions. The ambition to seek an alternative international order makes it, at least to some extent, a revisionist state. While pursuing an agenda to reform the existing international order from within, China additionally has begun to sponsor an unprecedented number of new international institutions and initiatives of its own, such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). How this will play out will depend above all on the interaction of China with a USA still wedded to its hegemonic role in world politics.

Quest for the Middle Kingdom: the Political Effects of China’s Ambitions in the Belt and Road Initiative

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
International System ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is Chinese President Xi Jinping’s brand for economic infrastructure development and investment. The BRI offers significant strategic advantages to the PRC and many benefits to partner countries, and is intended to situate China at the centre of international trade. At the same time, unintended consequences of investment will impact local populations in key areas, including population displacement, environmental degradation, corruption, political upheaval, exploitation and violent conflict. While the BRI offers significant opportunities to both China and its partner countries in the initiative, relative Chinese military weakness, the limits of economic activity, underdeveloped soft power authority, energy dependency, terrorism and domestic politics will all either inhibit the BRI or remain vulnerable aspects of the Chinese national interest as projects move forward. The BRI has the potential to reshape the economic relations of the world, however the strategic limitations of the project do not indicate a short or mid-term upheaval of the international system in favor of China or an end to China’s political challenges at home and abroad. This essay views the realist and constructivist schools of international relations theory as the most useful way to understand the motivations and consequences of the BRI. The long term effects on the global balance of power will also be examined, especially in the context of Xi’s vision for China in 2050.

scholarly journals One Belt, One Road: a iniciativa chinesa de infraestrutura e a sua repercussão no BRICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-141
Author(s):  
Lucas Gualberto do Nascimento ◽  
Monica Esmeralda Bruckmann Maynetto
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
Eurasian Continent ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Belt And Road

O estudo pretende analisar a iniciativa chinesa de infraestrutura, chamada Belt and Road Initiative (B&R), ou One Belt, One Road (OBOR), mais conhecida como “A Nova Rota da Seda”, lançada oficialmente em 2013; e a partir de uma visão de expansão da influência chinesa tanto na economia como na política mundial, com o apoio de novas plataformas de cooperação entre países emergentes, como o BRICS. Ademais, o trabalho também explora as iniciativas globais chinesas de aproximação político-econômica, de maneira a influenciar o cenário político-econômico dos seus parceiros estratégicos no continente eurasiático expandido, na África e na América do Sul. Assim, é possível identificar as iniciativas e estratégias chinesas para a expansão da sua influência, a partir do incentivo à expansão econômica, junto a uma rede de fontes de financiamento com apoio do capital chinês; e, portanto, a atração de potenciais parceiros em suas zonas de influência imediata e transcontinental, em uma expansão planejada para o oeste. Por fim, é avaliado como o OBOR pode influenciar o BRICS e seus membros no fortalecimento do seu projeto de cooperação e benefício mútuos, a partir da ampliação da sua infraestrutura interna, promovendo mais uma aproximação física como nova etapa da crescente interação entre seus membros.     Abstract: This study aims to analyze the Chinese infrastructure initiative called the Belt and Road Initiative (B&R), or One Belt, One Road (OBOR), better known as "The New Silk Road", officially launched in 2013; and from a vision of expanding Chinese influence in both the economy and world politics with the support of new platforms of cooperation among emergent countries, such as the BRICS. In addition, the paper also explores the global Chinese political-economic approaches in order to influence the political-economic scenario of its strategic partners in the expanded Eurasian continent, Africa, and South America. Thus, it is possible to identify Chinese initiatives and strategies for expanding its influence, from the initative for economic expansion, to a network of Chinese-funded finance sources; and therefore the attraction of potential partners in zones of immediate and transcontinental influence, in a planned expansion to the west. Finally, it is evaluated how OBOR can influence BRICS and its members in strengthening its project of cooperation and mutual benefit, by expanding its internal infrastructure, promoting a more material cooperation as a new stage of the growing interaction among its members. Keywords: Chinese foreign policy; China and OBOR; BRICS; Geopolitics.     Recebido em: março/2018.Aprovado em: fevereiro/2019.  

scholarly journals Impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on World Politics and Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Sheriff G.I. ◽  
Thomas A. ◽  
Ahmet A.
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

This paper aims at focusing on the main impact of the China belt and road initiative on world politics and economic development. Given that the BRI is a foreign policy launched by the Chinese government under the leadership of President Xi, and this time on a large scale with a plethora of impacts designed to build a network of mutually benefiting economic activities among the China neighbours across the Eurasian continent and the maritime routes between China and Europe, with plans to extend to Africa. The collaborative efforts of this initiative would expand global trade and increase economic development among the countries within the One Belt, One Road area. The initiative also presents scepticisms, uncertainties and concerns among political elites, offering observers the outlook of the advantage the initiative offers the Chinese at the expense of developing countries. The paper uses the secondary data methodological approach in presenting its reviewed literature. The paper adopts the theories of geopolitics that explain the political power linked to geographical space that comprises water and land as its territories. The objective of the Belt and Road Initiative is to enhance the connectivity of infrastructure, trade liberalization, and global financial integration. The article investigates the development of the project from global political, geographical, economical and international relations perspectives.

The Belt and Road and the Path to Chinese Greatness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Tze Ern Ho
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Economic Statecraft ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Regional Influence ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
Domestic Affairs ◽  
The Belt And Road

This chapter looks at the Belt and Road Initiative as a case study of China’s claim to exceptionalism in global affairs. I argue that, as a form of economic statecraft, the BRI is conceived with the primary goal of generating Chinese political influence abroad. Through a study of the existing scholarship, I argue that three key themes frame Chinese IR scholars’ discussion of the BRI: (I) the rules of the international system; (II) the competition for regional influence; and (III) China’s own domestic affairs and responsibility to its own people. Taken together, these themes provide important clues about how the BRI is conceptualized to promote a sense of Chinese exceptionalism.

scholarly journals Rule-Making, Rule-Taking or Rule-Rejecting under the Belt and Road Initiative: A Central Asian Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 250-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roza Nurgozhayeva
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Abstract Since the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was announced in 2013, China’s expanding economic, geopolitical, and business presence demonstrates its eagerness to play a more significant role in the systems of international governance and law. The BRI’s scale and influence have captured immense attention among politicians, policymakers, experts, and academics. They offer numerous interpretations of the BRI’s global and regional impact. If China claims to be a stakeholder in the international system, what are the implications for the legal systems of the BRI countries and their governance systems? To what extent does the BRI lead to the expansion of China’s institutions and legal norms? How can the BRI countries ensure that their interests in BRI projects are adequately protected? This article analyses the Central Asian perspective on the BRI. Central Asia and Kazakhstan, in particular, have strategic relevance to the BRI. Remarkably, the BRI was launched during the visit of President Xi Jinping to Kazakhstan, which means that Kazakhstan plays a critical transit role as China’s pivot to Europe. Although the BRI is an ambitious global strategy, it has provoked much criticism, especially in liberal countries. Despite China’s efforts to promote the BRI as a win–win endeavour, China’s increased economic and political influence has already led to heightened scrutiny of its role in shaping ideology, economic development, and the legal and institutional landscapes. While many academic publications address different perspectives of the BRI, the context behind BRI projects requires further attention. This article contributes to the literature by studying BRI projects in Kazakhstan and their legal framework and governance.

scholarly journals A geoeconomia do desenvolvimento chinês: das Quatro Modernizações à Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) | The geoeconomics of Chinese Development: from Four Modernizations to Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. e47480
Author(s):  
Helio Caetano Farias ◽  
Pedro Mendes Martins
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cold War ◽  
International System ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Interstate Rivalries

RESUMO Após o final da Guerra Fria, muitos analistas passaram a analisar a forma pela qual o sistema internacional se estruturaria. Dentre esses, destaca-se a contribuição de Edward Luttwak que cunhou o termo geoeconomia para ressaltar as tendências do sistema internacional, na qual as rivalidades interestatais seriam crescentemente moldadas por instrumentos comerciais e econômicos. A Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) pode ser analisada como mais um projeto geoeconômico criado para atender as demandas internas da economia chinesa e, ao mesmo tempo, garantir a projeção internacional do país. Trata-se de uma estratégia de inserção internacional recorrente na história chinesa que fundamenta o desenvolvimento econômico a partir de uma leitura sobre os condicionantes da competição geopolítica internacional.Palavras-Chave: Geoeconomia; Desenvolvimento Econômico; China. ABSTRACTAfter the end of the Cold War, analysts began to analyze how the international system would be structured. These contributions include the Edward Luttwak's, who coined the term geoeconomics to analyze the trends in the international system. Interstate rivalries would be increasingly influenced by commercial and economic instruments. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) can be viewed as another geo-economic project designed to meet the demands of economy as well as to ensure the China’s international projection. It is a strategy of recurrent international insertion in Chinese history, in which economic development is based on the conditions of international geopolitical competition.Keywords: Geoeconomics; Economic Development; China.Recebido em: 20 dez. 2019 | Aceito em: 25 mai. 2020.

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