New insights on the geological evolution of palaeorivers and their relationship to Indus Civilization and Early Historic settlements on the plains of Haryana, NW India

2021 ◽  
pp. SP515-2020-161
Author(s):  
Apurva Alok ◽  
N. C. Pant ◽  
Kaushik Das ◽  
Y. Tsutsumi ◽  
C. A. Petrie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Indus Civilization ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Northwest India ◽  
Flooding Events ◽  
Early Historic

AbstractThe Quaternary sediments and landscapes of the plains of north-western Haryana and the ancient settlement mounds distributed across them have great potential to reveal the history of the evolution and disappearance of palaeorivers and their relationship to the Indus Civilization and Early Historic periods in northwest India. There are numerous palaeochannels in Haryana, and their distribution and burial in the subsurface creates difficulties for accessing the archives and proxies necessary for developing insight into the timing of river flow and shift, and its relationship to settled populations. This paper investigates the deep and shallow subsurface sedimentary lithology of an area around Sirsa that is close to the course of the modern Ghagghar River. The paper presents additional age constraints provided by dates from the site of Rakhigarhi and examines a sedimentary substrate of a new archeological mound situated on the palaeochannel identified at a mound near Dhir village. New AMS radiocarbon dates of drifted charcoal from natural and cultural strata suggest human activity and/or natural burning in this region as early as 10405 to 10190 cal BP (8455 to 8240 cal BC). The substrate sediments recorded at Dhir mound indicate flooding events after the urban phase of the Indus Civilization.Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5604984

The influence of volcanic supply on the composition of modern river sands: the case study of the Ofanto river, Southern Italy

2021 ◽  
pp. SP520-2021-89
Author(s):  
Mariano Tenuta ◽  
Paola Donato ◽  
Rocco Dominici ◽  
Rosanna De Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Pyroclastic Deposits ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sedimentary Deposits ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
High Production ◽  
Volcaniclastic Deposits ◽  
Pyroclastic Fall

AbstractThe Ofanto river drains volcanic rocks from the Monte Vulture, lacustrine-fluviolacustrine deposits associated with the same volcano and sedimentary deposits of the Southern Apennines and the Bradanic foredeep sequences. Comparing the modal composition of river sands and the outcrop area of different lithologies in the different sub-basins, an over-concentration of the volcaniclastic fraction, mainly represented by loose crystals of clinopyroxene, garnet and amphibole, is shown. This has been related to the preferential erosion of pyroclastic deposits, characterized by high production of sand-sized loose minerals, together with the carbonate lability and the low sand-sized detritus production from claystones and marls. The occurrence of volcaniclastic components upstream of Monte Vulture can be explained with a contribution from the lacustrine-fluviolacustrine deposits outcropping in the upstream sector or from pyroclastic fall deposits of Monte Vulture and/or Campanian volcanoes. This research shows that the volcanic record in the fluvial sands of the Ofanto river comes from weathering and sorting processes of volcaniclastic deposits rather than of the lavas building the main edifice. Therefore, caution must be taken during paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions when relating the type and abundance of the volcanic component in sediments to the weathering stage and evolutionary history of the volcano.Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5643959

Inherited structure as a control on late Paleozoic and Mesozoic exhumation of the Tarbagatai Mountains, southeastern Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
pp. jgs2020-121
Author(s):  
Jack Gillespie ◽  
Stijn Glorie ◽  
Gilby Jepson ◽  
Fedor Zhimulev ◽  
Dmitriy Gurevich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Late Paleozoic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Tectonic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Intracontinental Deformation ◽  
Insight Into

Central Asia hosts the Tianshan, the largest intracontinental mountain belt in the world, which experienced major reactivation and uplift since the Oligocene in response to the collision of India with Asia. This reactivation was focused around pre-existing structures inherited from the Paleozoic tectonic history of the region. The significant Cenozoic tectonic reworking of Central Asia complicates efforts to understand earlier phases of intracontinental tectonics during the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The Tarbagatai Mountains of eastern Kazakhstan record a thermotectonic history that provides insight into the timing and distribution of intracontinental tectonic activity in Central Asia prior to the India-Eurasia collision. Apatite fission track and (U-Th-Sm)/He analysis of igneous samples from the Tarbagatai Mountains reveals two episodes of cooling as a result of exhumation following Paleozoic amalgamation. Initial intracontinental deformation during the Late Permian drove exhumation synchronous with activity along newly formed strike-slip faults spanning the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The major Chingiz-Tarbagatai Fault was reactivated during the Early Cretaceous, driving localised exhumation along the fault. The relative lack of Cenozoic tectonic activity in the Tarbagatai Mountains means they provide unique insight into the broader thermotectonic evolution of Central Asia during the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic.Supplementary material: Detailed thermochronological data, including plots and tables can be found in the supplementary data https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5414555.

The Evolution of the Popocatépetl Volcanic Complex: Constraints on Periodic Edifice Construction and Destruction by Sector Collapse

2021 ◽  
pp. jgs2021-022
Author(s):  
Guillem Gisbert ◽  
Hugo Delgado-Granados ◽  
Martin Mangler ◽  
Julie Prytulak ◽  
Ramón Espinasa-Pereña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Imagery ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
Sector Collapse ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Complex Constraints ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
First Time

Popocatépetl is one of the most active volcanoes in North America. Its current predominantly mild activity is contrasted by a history of large effusive and explosive eruptions and sector collapse events, which was first summarised by Espinasa-Pereña and Martin-Del Pozzo (2006). Since then, a wealth of new radiometric, geophysical and volcanological data has been published, requiring a re-evaluation of the evolution of the Popocatépetl Volcanic Complex (PVC). Herein, we combine existing literature with new field observations, aerial imagery and digital elevation model interpretations to produce an updated and improved reconstruction of the growth and evolution of the PVC through all of its history. This will be fundamental for the assessment and mitigation of risks associated with potential future high-magnitude activity of the PVC. The PVC consists of four successive volcanic edifices separated by three sector collapse events producing avalanche deposits: Tlamacas (>538 - >330 ka, described here for the first time), Nexpayantla (∼330 - >96 ka), Ventorrillo (∼96 ka - 23.5 ka) and Popocatépetl (<23.5ka) edifices. The newly described Tlamacas collapse propagated towards ENE forming part of the Mayorazgo avalanche deposit.Supplementary material:https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5709190

In-situ laser ablation Lu–Hf geochronology of garnet across the Western Gneiss Region: Campaign-style dating of metamorphism

2021 ◽  
pp. jgs2021-094
Author(s):  
Renée Tamblyn ◽  
Martin Hand ◽  
Alexander Simpson ◽  
Sarah Gilbert ◽  
Ben Wade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Ultrahigh Pressure ◽  
Western Gneiss Region ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Wilson Cycle

The development of in-situ laser ablation Lu–Hf geochronology of apatite, xenotime and garnet has opened avenues to quickly and directly date geological processes. We demonstrate the first use of campaign-style in-situ Lu–Hf geochronology of garnet across the high- to ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss Region in Norway. Mafic eclogites from this region have been the focus of much work, and were clearly formed during continental subduction during the Caledonian Orogen. However, abundant quartzofeldspathic and pelitic lithologies record a more complex history, with some preserving polymetamorphic age data, and most containing no indication of high-pressure mineral assemblages formed during subduction. Twenty metapelitic and felsic samples spanning 160 lateral kilometers across the Western Gneiss Region have been analysed using garnet Lu–Hf geochronology. The results reveal Caledonian ages for the majority of the garnets, suggesting some quartzofeldspathic and metapelitic lithologies were reactive and grew garnet during high- to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. However, two ultrahigh-pressure eclogite locations, Verpeneset and Fjørtoft, preserve both Caledonian and Neoproterozoic-aged garnets. Despite significant uncertainties on some of the Lu–Hf geochronologic ages, laser ablation Lu–Hf efficiently identifies the polymetamorphic history of parts of the Western Gneiss Region, illustrating the effectiveness of this novel analytical method for rapid mapping of metamorphic ages.Thematic collection: This article is part of the Caledonian Wilson cycle collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/caledonian-wilson-cycleSupplementary material:https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5715453

Age and geochemistry of the Paleoproterozoic Bhatwari Gneiss of Garhwal Lesser Himalaya, NW India: implications for the pre-Himalayan magmatic history of the Lesser Himalayan basement rocks

2018 ◽  
Vol 481 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aranya Sen ◽  
Koushik Sen ◽  
Hari B. Srivastava ◽  
Saurabh Singhal ◽  
Purbajyoti Phukon
Keyword(s):  
Crystalline Rock ◽  
Arc Magmatism ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Basement Rocks ◽  
Petrographic Analyses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Arc Setting ◽  
Magmatic History ◽  
Log Ratio

AbstractThe Bhatwari Gneiss of Bhagirathi Valley in the Garhwal Himalaya is a Paleoproterozoic crystalline rock from the Inner Lesser Himalayan Sequence. On the basis of field and petrographic analyses, we have classified the Bhatwari Gneiss into two parts: the Lower Bhatwari Gneiss (LBG) and the Upper Bhatwari Gneiss (UBG). The geochemical signatures of these rocks suggest a monzonitic protolith for the LBG and a granitic protolith for the UBG. The UBG has a calc-alkaline S-type granitoid protolith, whereas the LBG has an alkaline I-type granitoid protolith; the UBG is more fractionated. The trace element concentrations suggest a volcanic arc setting for the LBG and a within-plate setting for the UBG. The U–Pb geochronology of one sample from the LBG gives an upper intercept age of 1988 ± 12 Ma (n = 10, MSWD = 2.5). One sample from the UBG gives an upper intercept age of 1895 ± 22 Ma (n = 15, MSWD = 0.82), whereas another sample does not give any upper intercept age, but indicates magmatism from c. 1940 to 1840 Ma. Based on these ages, we infer that the Bhatwari Gneiss has evolved due to arc magmatism and related back-arc rifting over a time period of c. 100 Ma during the Proterozoic. This arc magmatism is related to the formation of the Columbia supercontinent.Supplementary material: LA–ICP-MS calibration and adjusted major element data used for computing the isometric log-ratio transformations are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4272158

The Age and Paleomagnetism of Jurassic dykes, western Dronning Maud Land: implications for Gondwana breakup

2021 ◽  
pp. SP518-2021-44
Author(s):  
M. A. Morake ◽  
J. N. F. O'Kennedy ◽  
M. W. Knoper ◽  
M. de Kock ◽  
J. D. Kramers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Ocean Floor ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Palaeomagnetic Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dronning Maud Land ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractNew 40Ar/39Ar data from dykes intruded into Sverdrupfjella and Ahlmanryggen, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, indicate that dyke emplacement commenced at ca. 207 Ma and lasted until ca. 178 Ma. Whereas the ages ascribed to the Karoo-age magmatism contributing to Gondwana breakup are typically inferred as being ca. 182 Ma, the data indicate that ages older than ca.192 Ma in the broader Karoo Province are restricted to western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, indicating the locality where break-up was initiated. Limited palaeomagnetic data from ca. 178-185 Ma dykes combined with published palaeomagnetic data from similar aged dykes in Vestfjella and the Ferrar Province, suggest that Antarctica had already drifted/rifted significantly away from southern Africa from ca. 207 Ma to ca. 180 Ma, earlier than previously thought. The data, if correct, require a re-evaluation of the ages ascribed to ocean-floor anomalies used to constrain reconstructions of Gondwana and may provide insight into the history of microcontinental blocks including the Falkland Islands, Haag nunataks, Ellsworth-Whitmore block and Maurice Ewing Bank.Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5612838

scholarly journals Modelling of River Flow Using Particle Swarm Optimized Cascade-Forward Neural Networks: A Case Study of Kelantan River in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8670
Author(s):  
Gasim Hayder ◽  
Mahmud Iwan Solihin ◽  
Hauwa Mohammed Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flooding Events

Water resources management in Malaysia has become a crucial issue of concern due to its role in the economic and social development of the country. Kelantan river (Sungai Kelantan) basin is one of the essential catchments as it has a history of flood events. Numerous studies have been conducted in river basin modelling for the prediction of flow and mitigation of flooding events as well as water resource management. This paper presents river flow modelling based on meteorological and weather data in the Sungai Kelantan region using a cascade-forward neural network trained with particle swarm optimization algorithm (CFNNPSO). The result is compared with those trained with the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) and Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm. The outcome of this study indicates that there is a strong correlation between river flow and some meteorological and weather variables (weighted rainfall, average evaporation and temperatures). The correlation scores (R) obtained between the target variable (river flow) and the predictor variables were 0.739, −0.544, and −0.662 for weighted rainfall, evaporation, and temperature, respectively. Additionally, the developed nonlinear multivariable regression model using CFNNPSO produced acceptable prediction accuracy during model testing with the regression coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean of percentage error (MPE) of 0.88, 191.1 cms and 0.09%, respectively. The reliable result and predictive performance of the model is useful for decision makers during water resource planning and river management. The constructed modelling procedure can be adopted for future applications.

Excavation of an Early Historic Palisaded Enclosure at Titwood, Mearnskirk, East Renfrewshire

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Johnson ◽  
Alastair Rees ◽  
Ian Ralston ◽  
T. Ballin ◽  
M. Cressey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Historic Period ◽  
Historic Period ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Early Historic

Summary A palisaded enclosure and associated features were excavated by CFA Archaeology Ltd (CFA) in advance of the construction of the proposed Glasgow Southern Orbital Road. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the palisade and at least some of the internal features date to the Early Historic period, between the 8th and 10th centuries cal. AD. The Titwood palisade is currently the only site of this date to have been excavated in western mainland Scotland, as well as being one of the few known Early Historic palisaded sites in Scotland. Evidence of Neolithic activity on the site was also established. The work was commissioned by ASH Consulting Group on behalf of East Renfrewshire Council.

TIMING OF OBDUCTION, TECTONIC AFFINITY, AND COOLING HISTORY OF THE SPONGTANG OPHIOLITE, NORTHWEST INDIA, HIMALAYA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C. Pease ◽  
◽  
Nick Dygert ◽  
E.J. Catlos ◽  
Michael Brookfield
Keyword(s):  
Cooling History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Northwest India

scholarly journals Direct dating reveals the early history of opium poppy in western Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Salavert ◽  
Antoine Zazzo ◽  
Lucie Martin ◽  
Ferran Antolín ◽  
Caroline Gauthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Western Alps ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Macrobotanical Remains ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
Radiocarbon Chronology ◽  
Botanical Remains

AbstractThis paper aims to define the first chrono-cultural framework on the domestication and early diffusion of the opium poppy using small-sized botanical remains from archaeological sites, opening the way to directly date minute short-lived botanical samples. We produced the initial set of radiocarbon dates directly from the opium poppy remains of eleven Neolithic sites (5900–3500 cal BCE) in the central and western Mediterranean, northwestern temperate Europe, and the western Alps. When possible, we also dated the macrobotanical remains originating from the same sediment sample. In total, 22 samples were taken into account, including 12 dates directly obtained from opium poppy remains. The radiocarbon chronology ranges from 5622 to 4050 cal BCE. The results show that opium poppy is present from at least the middle of the sixth millennium in the Mediterranean, where it possibly grew naturally and was cultivated by pioneer Neolithic communities. Its dispersal outside of its native area was early, being found west of the Rhine in 5300–5200 cal BCE. It was introduced to the western Alps around 5000–4800 cal BCE, becoming widespread from the second half of the fifth millennium. This research evidences different rhythms in the introduction of opium poppy in western Europe.

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