Automatic mapping of gaze position coordinates of eye-tracking glasses video on a common static reference image

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Bykowski ◽  
Szymon Kupiński
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Reference Image ◽  
Automatic Mapping ◽  
Gaze Position

scholarly journals Using the Blind Spot to Investigate Trans-Saccadic Perception

Vision ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Julie Royo ◽  
Fabrice Arcizet ◽  
Patrick Cavanagh ◽  
Pierre Pouget
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Position

We introduce a blind spot method to create image changes contingent on eye movements. One challenge of eye movement research is triggering display changes contingent on gaze. The eye-tracking system must capture the image of the eye, discover and track the pupil and corneal reflections to estimate the gaze position, and then transfer this data to the computer that updates the display. All of these steps introduce delays that are often difficult to predict. To avoid these issues, we describe a simple blind spot method to generate gaze contingent display manipulations without any eye-tracking system and/or display controls.

A Novel 3D Interaction Technique Based on the Eye Tracking for Mixed Reality Environments

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giandomenico Caruso ◽  
Monica Bordegoni
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Calibration Procedure ◽  
3D Interaction ◽  
Interaction Technique ◽  
Virtual Objects ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Display Technology ◽  
Gaze Position

The paper describes a novel 3D interaction technique based on Eye Tracking (ET) for Mixed Reality (MR) environments. We have developed a system that integrates a commercial ET technology with a MR display technology. The system elaborates the data coming from the ET in order to obtain the 3D position of the user’s gaze. A specific calibration procedure has been developed for correctly computing the gaze position according to the user. The accuracy and the precision of the system have been assessed by performing several tests with a group of users. Besides, we have compared the 3D gaze position in real, virtual and mixed environments in order to check if there are differences when the user sees real or virtual objects. The paper also proposes an application example by means of which we have assessed the global usability of the system.

scholarly journals MR-based camera-less eye tracking using deep neural networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Frey ◽  
Matthias Nau ◽  
Christian F. Doeller
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Open Source Software ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Oculomotor Function ◽  
Gaze Position

AbstractViewing behavior provides a window into many central aspects of human cognition and health, and it is an important variable of interest or confound in many fMRI studies. To make eye tracking freely and widely available for MRI research, we developed DeepMReye: a convolutional neural network that decodes gaze position from the MR-signal of the eyeballs. It performs camera-less eye tracking at sub-imaging temporal resolution in held-out participants with little training data and across a broad range of scanning protocols. Critically, it works even in existing datasets and when the eyes are closed. Decoded eye movements explain network-wide brain activity also in regions not associated with oculomotor function. This work emphasizes the importance of eye tracking for the interpretation of fMRI results and provides an open-source software solution that is widely applicable in research and clinical settings.

scholarly journals Characterizing gaze position signals and synthesizing noise during fixations in eye-tracking data

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 2515-2534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diederick C. Niehorster ◽  
Raimondas Zemblys ◽  
Tanya Beelders ◽  
Kenneth Holmqvist
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Eye Movement Analysis ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
Signal Type ◽  
Gaze Position

AbstractThe magnitude of variation in the gaze position signals recorded by an eye tracker, also known as its precision, is an important aspect of an eye tracker’s data quality. However, data quality of eye-tracking signals is still poorly understood. In this paper, we therefore investigate the following: (1) How do the various available measures characterizing eye-tracking data during fixation relate to each other? (2) How are they influenced by signal type? (3) What type of noise should be used to augment eye-tracking data when evaluating eye-movement analysis methods? To support our analysis, this paper presents new measures to characterize signal type and signal magnitude based on RMS-S2S and STD, two established measures of precision. Simulations are performed to investigate how each of these measures depends on the number of gaze position samples over which they are calculated, and to reveal how RMS-S2S and STD relate to each other and to measures characterizing the temporal spectrum composition of the recorded gaze position signal. Further empirical investigations were performed using gaze position data recorded with five eye trackers from human and artificial eyes. We found that although the examined eye trackers produce gaze position signals with different characteristics, the relations between precision measures derived from simulations are borne out by the data. We furthermore conclude that data with a range of signal type values should be used to assess the robustness of eye-movement analysis methods. We present a method for generating artificial eye-tracker noise of any signal type and magnitude.

scholarly journals GazeR: A Package for Processing Gaze Position and Pupil Size Data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Geller ◽  
Matthew Winn ◽  
Tristan Mahr ◽  
Daniel Mirman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Programming Environment ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Statistical Programming ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Gaze Position

Eye-tracking is widely used throughout the scientific community, from vision science and psycholinguistics, to marketing and human-computer interaction. Surprisingly, there is little consistency and transparency in preprocessing steps, making replicability difficult. To increase replicability and transparency, a package in R (a free and widely used statistical programming environment) called gazeR was created to read in and preprocess two types of data from the SR EyeLink eye tracker: gaze position and pupil size. For gaze position data, gazeR has functions for: reading in raw eye-tracking data, formatting it for analysis, converting from gaze coordinates to areas of interest, and binning and aggregating data. For data from pupillometry studies, the gazeR package has functions for: reading in and merging multiple raw pupil data files, removing observations with too much missing data, eliminating artifacts, blink identification and interpolation, subtractive baseline correction, and binning and aggregating data. The package is open-source and freely available for download and installation: https://github.com/dmirman/gazer. We provide step

Background subtraction in STEM energy-loss mapping

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
R.D. Leapman ◽  
K.E. Gorlen ◽  
C.R. Swyt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Statistical Error ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Reference Image ◽  
Inverse Power Law ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Least Squares Fit ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Single Number

The determination of elemental distributions by electron energy loss spectroscopy necessitates removal of the non-characteristic spectral background from a core-edge at each point in the image. In the scanning transmission electron microscope this is made possible by computer controlled data acquisition. Data may be processed by fitting the pre-edge counts, at two or more channels, to an inverse power law, AE-r, where A and r are parameters and E is energy loss. Processing may be performed in real-time so a single number is saved at each pixel. Detailed analysis, shows that the largest contribution to noise comes from statistical error in the least squares fit to the background. If the background shape remains constant over the entire image, the signal-to-noise ratio can be improved by fitting only one parameter. Such an assumption is generally implicit in subtraction of the “reference image” in energy selected micrographs recorded in the CTEM with a Castaing-Henry spectrometer.

Interactive multiple area spectrum integration (MASI)

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 942-943
Author(s):  
John A. Hunt ◽  
Richard D. Leapman ◽  
David B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Routine Analysis ◽  
Reference Image ◽  
Area Spectrum ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Image Processor ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Path

Interactive MASI involves controlling the raster of a STEM or SEM probe to areas predefined byan integration mask which is formed by image processing, drawing or selecting regions manually. EELS, x-ray, or other spectra are then acquired while the probe is scanning over the areas defined by the integration mask. The technique has several advantages: (1) Low-dose spectra can be acquired by averaging the dose over a great many similar features. (2) MASI can eliminate the risks of spatial under- or over-sampling of multiple, complicated, and irregularly shaped objects. (3) MASI is an extremely rapid and convenient way to record spectra for routine analysis. The technique is performed as follows:Acquire reference imageOptionally blank beam for beam-sensitive specimensUse image processor to select integration mask from reference imageCalculate scanning path for probeUnblank probe (if blanked)Correct for specimen drift since reference image acquisition

Atomic resolution characterisation of interface structures by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
N. D. Browning ◽  
M. M. McGibbon ◽  
M. F. Chisholm ◽  
S. J. Pennycook
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Atomic Resolution ◽  
Reference Image ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

The recent development of the Z-contrast imaging technique for the VG HB501 UX dedicated STEM, has added a high-resolution imaging facility to a microscope used mainly for microanalysis. This imaging technique not only provides a high-resolution reference image, but as it can be performed simultaneously with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), can be used to position the electron probe at the atomic scale. The spatial resolution of both the image and the energy loss spectrum can be identical, and in principle limited only by the 2.2 Å probe size of the microscope. There now exists, therefore, the possibility to perform chemical analysis of materials on the scale of single atomic columns or planes.In order to achieve atomic resolution energy loss spectroscopy, the range over which a fast electron can cause a particular excitation event, must be less than the interatomic spacing. This range is described classically by the impact parameter, b, which ranges from ~10 Å for the low loss region of the spectrum to <1Å for the core losses.

Molecular Views of Ice-Embedded Lumbricus Terrestris Erythrocruorin Obtained By Invariant Classification

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
Michael schatz ◽  
Joachim Jäger ◽  
Marin van Heel
Keyword(s):  
Image Interpretation ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Reference Image ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Negative Stain ◽  
Reference Images ◽  
Statistical Resolution

Lumbricus terrestris erythrocruorin is a giant oxygen-transporting macromolecule in the blood of the common earth worm (worm "hemoglobin"). In our current study, we use specimens (kindly provided by Drs W.E. Royer and W.A. Hendrickson) embedded in vitreous ice (1) to avoid artefacts encountered with the negative stain preparation technigue used in previous studies (2-4).Although the molecular structure is well preserved in vitreous ice, the low contrast and high noise level in the micrographs represent a serious problem in image interpretation. Moreover, the molecules can exhibit many different orientations relative to the object plane of the microscope in this type of preparation. Existing techniques of analysis requiring alignment of the molecular views relative to one or more reference images often thus yield unsatisfactory results.We use a new method in which first rotation-, translation- and mirror invariant functions (5) are derived from the large set of input images, which functions are subsequently classified automatically using multivariate statistical techniques (6). The different molecular views in the data set can therewith be found unbiasedly (5). Within each class, all images are aligned relative to that member of the class which contributes least to the classes′ internal variance (6). This reference image is thus the most typical member of the class. Finally the aligned images from each class are averaged resulting in molecular views with enhanced statistical resolution.

An Eye-Tracking Study on Audiovisual Speech Perception Strategies Adopted by Normal-Hearing and Deaf Adults Under Different Language Familiarities

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 2245-2254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianrong Wang ◽  
Yumeng Zhu ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Abdilbar Mamat ◽  
Mei Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Audiovisual Speech ◽  
Audiovisual Speech Perception ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Deaf Adults ◽  
Bilingual Speaker ◽  
Primary Hypothesis ◽  
Standard Chinese

Purpose The primary purpose of this study was to explore the audiovisual speech perception strategies.80.23.47 adopted by normal-hearing and deaf people in processing familiar and unfamiliar languages. Our primary hypothesis was that they would adopt different perception strategies due to different sensory experiences at an early age, limitations of the physical device, and the developmental gap of language, and others. Method Thirty normal-hearing adults and 33 prelingually deaf adults participated in the study. They were asked to perform judgment and listening tasks while watching videos of a Uygur–Mandarin bilingual speaker in a familiar language (Standard Chinese) or an unfamiliar language (Modern Uygur) while their eye movements were recorded by eye-tracking technology. Results Task had a slight influence on the distribution of selective attention, whereas subject and language had significant influences. To be specific, the normal-hearing and the d10eaf participants mainly gazed at the speaker's eyes and mouth, respectively, in the experiment; moreover, while the normal-hearing participants had to stare longer at the speaker's mouth when they confronted with the unfamiliar language Modern Uygur, the deaf participant did not change their attention allocation pattern when perceiving the two languages. Conclusions Normal-hearing and deaf adults adopt different audiovisual speech perception strategies: Normal-hearing adults mainly look at the eyes, and deaf adults mainly look at the mouth. Additionally, language and task can also modulate the speech perception strategy.

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