Improving Sensor Network Performance with Directional Antennas: A Cross-layer Optimization

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Javier Schandy ◽  
Simon Olofsson ◽  
Nicolás Gammarano ◽  
Leonardo Steinfeld ◽  
Thiemo Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Directional Antennas ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Neighbor Discovery ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Dense Networks ◽  
Cross Layer Optimization ◽  
Hidden Terminals ◽  
Network Topologies

The use of directional antennas for wireless communications brings several benefits, such as increased communication range and reduced interference. One example of directional antennas are electronically switched directional (ESD) antennas that can easily be integrated into Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to their small size and low cost. However, current literature questions the benefits of using ESD antennas in WSNs due to the increased likelihood of hidden terminals and increased power consumption. This is mainly because earlier studies have used directionality for transmissions but not for reception. In this article, we introduce novel cross-layer optimizations to fully utilize the benefits of using directional antennas. We modify the Medium Access Control (MAC) , routing, and neighbor discovery mechanisms to support directional communication. We focus on convergecast investigating a large number of different network topologies. Our experimental results, both in simulation and with real nodes, show when the traffic is dense, networks with directional antennas can significantly outperform networks with omnidirectional ones in terms of packet delivery rate, energy consumption, and energy per received packet.

scholarly journals Cross Layer Optimization and Simulation of Smart Grid Home Area Network

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Lipi K. Chhaya ◽  
Paawan Sharma ◽  
Adesh Kumar ◽  
Govind Bhagwatikar
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Hierarchical Architecture ◽  
Buffer Size ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Frame Aggregation ◽  
Cross Layer Optimization ◽  
Layered Approach

An electrical “Grid” is a network that carries electricity from power plants to customer premises. Smart Grid is an assimilation of electrical and communication infrastructure. Smart Grid is characterized by bidirectional flow of electricity and information. Smart Grid is a complex network with hierarchical architecture. Realization of complete Smart Grid architecture necessitates diverse set of communication standards and protocols. Communication network protocols are engineered and established on the basis of layered approach. Each layer is designed to produce an explicit functionality in association with other layers. Layered approach can be modified with cross layer approach for performance enhancement. Complex and heterogeneous architecture of Smart Grid demands a deviation from primitive approach and reworking of an innovative approach. This paper describes a joint or cross layer optimization of Smart Grid home/building area network based on IEEE 802.11 standard using RIVERBED OPNET network design and simulation tool. The network performance can be improved by selecting various parameters pertaining to different layers. Simulation results are obtained for various parameters such as WLAN throughput, delay, media access delay, and retransmission attempts. The graphical results show that various parameters have divergent effects on network performance. For example, frame aggregation decreases overall delay but the network throughput is also reduced. To prevail over this effect, frame aggregation is used in combination with RTS and fragmentation mechanisms. The results show that this combination notably improves network performance. Higher value of buffer size considerably increases throughput but the delay is also greater and thus the choice of optimum value of buffer size is inevitable for network performance optimization. Parameter optimization significantly enhances the performance of a designed network. This paper is expected to serve as a comprehensive analysis and performance enhancement of communication standard suitable for Smart Grid HAN applications.

A Survey of MAC Layer Protocols to Avoid Deafness in Wireless Networks Using Directional Antenna

2016 ◽  
pp. 813-852
Author(s):  
Rinki Sharma ◽  
Govind Kadambi ◽  
Yuri A. Vershinin ◽  
K. N. Mukundan
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Directional Antennas ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Network Operation

Directional antennas have gained immense popularity among researchers working in the area of wireless networks. These antennas help in enhancing the performance of wireless networks through increased spatial reuse, extended communication range, energy efficiency, reduced latency, and communication reliability. Traditional Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols such as IEEE 802.11 are designed based on use of omnidirectional antennas. Therefore, suitable design changes are required to exploit the benefits of directional antennas in wireless networks. Though directional antennas provide many benefits to enhance network performance, their inclusion in the network also results in certain challenges in network operation. Deafness is one such problem that occurs among nodes using directional antennas. This chapter concentrates on the problem of deafness, which is introduced due to the use of directional antennas in wireless ad-hoc, sensor, and mesh networks. Many researchers have provided numerous solutions to deal with the problem of deafness in these networks. In this chapter, the authors first explain the problem of deafness and then present an extensive survey of solutions available in the literature to deal with the problem of deafness in wireless ad-hoc, sensor, and mesh networks. The survey is accompanied by a critical analysis and comparison of available solutions. Drawbacks of available solutions are discussed and future research directions are presented.

A Survey of MAC Layer Protocols to Avoid Deafness in Wireless Networks Using Directional Antenna

2014 ◽  
pp. 479-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinki Sharma ◽  
Govind Kadambi ◽  
Yuri A. Vershinin ◽  
K. N. Mukundan
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Directional Antennas ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Network Operation

Directional antennas have gained immense popularity among researchers working in the area of wireless networks. These antennas help in enhancing the performance of wireless networks through increased spatial reuse, extended communication range, energy efficiency, reduced latency, and communication reliability. Traditional Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols such as IEEE 802.11 are designed based on use of omnidirectional antennas. Therefore, suitable design changes are required to exploit the benefits of directional antennas in wireless networks. Though directional antennas provide many benefits to enhance network performance, their inclusion in the network also results in certain challenges in network operation. Deafness is one such problem that occurs among nodes using directional antennas. This chapter concentrates on the problem of deafness, which is introduced due to the use of directional antennas in wireless ad-hoc, sensor, and mesh networks. Many researchers have provided numerous solutions to deal with the problem of deafness in these networks. In this chapter, the authors first explain the problem of deafness and then present an extensive survey of solutions available in the literature to deal with the problem of deafness in wireless ad-hoc, sensor, and mesh networks. The survey is accompanied by a critical analysis and comparison of available solutions. Drawbacks of available solutions are discussed and future research directions are presented.

Asynchronous Media Access Control Protocols and Cross Layer Optimizations for Wireless Sensor Networks: An Energy Efficient Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 2531-2538
Author(s):  
Kalpna Guleria ◽  
Devendra Prasad ◽  
Umesh Kumar Lilhore ◽  
Sarita Simaiya
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Media Access Control ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Media Access ◽  
Cross Layer Optimization ◽  
Rapid Pace

In the recent past, the wireless technology has grown at a very rapid pace and it has brought a revolution in the field of communication. WSNs are of great importance in building the smart devices and intelligent applications such as smart homes, military surveillance applications, target tracking and structural health monitoring etc. One of the major hardware limitations is limited energy of sensor nodes which has motivated researchers to emphasize on energy efficient communication and this in turn has given a lot of stimulus for the research of energy efficient protocols for MAC and network layer. Further, the cross-layer optimizations have a major impact on network performance metrics like increased energy efficiency, enhanced reliability, reduced delay and increased security as well. In this paper, various energy efficient asynchronous MAC, MIMO-MAC layer routing protocols, analysis, cross layer optimization have been discussed.

scholarly journals Cross-Layer Optimization for Heterogeneous MU-MIMO/OFDMA Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2744
Author(s):  
Kyu-haeng Lee ◽  
Daehee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Cross Layer Optimization ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Flexible Resource

To enable the full benefits from MU-MIMO (Multiuser-Multiple Input Multiple Output) and OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) to be achieved, the optimal use of these two technologies for a given set of network resources has been investigated in a rich body of literature. However, most of these studies have focused either on maximizing the performance of only one of these schemes, or have considered both but only for single-hop networks, in which the effect of the interference between nodes is relatively limited, thus causing the network performance to be overestimated. In addition, the heterogeneity of the nodes has not been sufficiently considered, and in particular, the joint use of OFDMA and MU-MIMO has been assumed to be always available at all nodes. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer optimization framework that considers both OFDMA and MU-MIMO for heterogeneous wireless networks. Not only does our model assume that the nodes have different capabilities, in terms of bandwidth and the number of antennas, but it also supports practical use cases in which nodes can support either OFDMA or MU-MIMO, or both at the same time. Our optimization model carefully takes into account the interactions between the key elements of the physical layer to the network layer. In addition, we consider multi-hop networks, and capture the complicated interference relationships between nodes as well as multi-path routing via multi-user transmissions. We formulate the proposed model as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem, and initially model the case in which each node can selectively use either OFDMA or MU-MIMO; we then extend this to scenarios in which they are jointly used. As a case study, we apply the proposed model to sum-rate maximization and max–min fair allocation, and verify through MATLAB numerical evaluations that it can take appropriate advantage of each technology for a given set of network resources. Based on the optimization results, we also observe that when the two technologies are jointly used, more multi-user transmissions are enabled thanks to flexible resource allocation, meaning that greater use of the link capacity is achieved.

scholarly journals Proposed Hybrid MAC Layer Design for Priority Application Usage in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor-Syahidatul N. Ismail ◽  
F. Yunus ◽  
S. H. Syed Ariffin ◽  
A. A. Shahidan ◽  
N. Fisal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Neighbor Discovery ◽  
Mac Layer ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
Collision Problem

The design of Medium Access Control (MAC) layer in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is very important because it gives significant impact in network performance especially in term of energy consuming. Contention Access method which is Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) will encounter collision problem when more than one node want to access the network simultaneously. Meanwhile, the issue in slotted access which is Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is channel utilization when the usage of the slot is neglected and wasted in transmission network. In this paper, we propose a hybrid MAC that combines both strengths of CSMA and TDMA in one protocol while avoiding their weaknesses to improve the network performance. The simple and efficient transmission in CSMA method will be used in neighbor discovery (ND) and slot allocation (SA) process. For data transmission, non collision transmission method which is TDMA will be used and it will be changed to CSMA depending on the contention level of the channel. This proposed protocol is suitable for priority application usage where the important information will arrived at the destination in acceptable delay time.

scholarly journals Ant Based Cross Layered Optimization Protocol for WMSN with Fuzzy Clustering

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
DipaliParag Adhyapak ◽  
Sridharan Bhavani ◽  
Aparna Pradeep Laturkar
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Clustering ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Wireless Multimedia ◽  
Cross Layer Optimization

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is embedded with large number of Audio, Video and scalar sensor nodes which can able to retrieve the multimedia information from the environment. WMSN has several challenges such as life time of the network, Memory requirement, Coverage, Bandwidth and QoS metrics. Hence selection of routing algorithm is crucial in WMSN. Again interdependencies of the protocol layer cannot be neglected to improve the network performance. Clustering in WMSN is challenging task in order to increase network lifetime and to improve the communication. Hence Fuzzy clustered Ant based cross layer protocol (FCAXL) is proposed. In this paper performance analysis of ant based cross layer optimization protocol with fuzzy clustering based on number of nodes and packet size is done. Simulation results shows that Fuzzy clustered ant based cross layer optimization protocol performs best as compared to AntSenseNet routing protocol, Cross layer routing protocol and Ant based cross layer routing protocol in terms of QoS parameters such as Throughput, Packet delivery ratio and delay. Hence the life time of the network increases.

A Survey of MAC Layer Protocols to Avoid Deafness in Wireless Networks Using Directional Antenna

2016 ◽  
pp. 1758-1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinki Sharma ◽  
Govind Kadambi ◽  
Yuri A. Vershinin ◽  
K. N. Mukundan
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Directional Antennas ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spatial Reuse ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Network Operation

Directional antennas have gained immense popularity among researchers working in the area of wireless networks. These antennas help in enhancing the performance of wireless networks through increased spatial reuse, extended communication range, energy efficiency, reduced latency, and communication reliability. Traditional Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols such as IEEE 802.11 are designed based on use of omnidirectional antennas. Therefore, suitable design changes are required to exploit the benefits of directional antennas in wireless networks. Though directional antennas provide many benefits to enhance network performance, their inclusion in the network also results in certain challenges in network operation. Deafness is one such problem that occurs among nodes using directional antennas. This chapter concentrates on the problem of deafness, which is introduced due to the use of directional antennas in wireless ad-hoc, sensor, and mesh networks. Many researchers have provided numerous solutions to deal with the problem of deafness in these networks. In this chapter, the authors first explain the problem of deafness and then present an extensive survey of solutions available in the literature to deal with the problem of deafness in wireless ad-hoc, sensor, and mesh networks. The survey is accompanied by a critical analysis and comparison of available solutions. Drawbacks of available solutions are discussed and future research directions are presented.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Mobile Ad Hoc Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communication Networks with Directional Antennas

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel Ilah Alshbatat ◽  
Liang Dong
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Medium Access Control Protocol ◽  
Directional Antennas ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
End To End

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential of creating an ad hoc communication network in the air. Most UAVs used in communication networks are equipped with wireless transceivers using omnidirectional antennas. In this paper, we consider a collection of UAVs that communicate through wireless links as a mobile ad-hoc network using directional antennas. The network design goal is to maximize the throughput and minimize the end-to-end delay. In this respect, we propose a new medium access control protocol for a network of UAVs with directional antennas. We analyze the communication channel between the UAVs and the effect of aircraft attitude on the network performance. Using the optimized network engineering tool (OPNET), we compare our protocol with the IEEE 802.11 protocol for omnidirectional antennas. The simulation results show performance improvement in end-to-end delay as well as throughput.

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