Network Analysis of Psychopathology: Controversies and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
First Century ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Network Approach ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
Network Approaches

Empirical publications inspired by the network approach to psychopathology have increased exponentially in the twenty-first century. The central idea that an episode of mental disorder arises from causal interactions among its symptomatic elements has especially resonated with those clinical scientists whose disenchantment with traditional categorical and dimensional approaches to mental illness have become all too apparent. As the field has matured, conceptual and statistical concerns about the limitations of network approaches to psychopathology have emerged, inspiring the development of novel methods to address these concerns. Rather than reviewing the vast empirical literature, I focus instead on the issues and controversies regarding this approach and sketch directions where the field might go next. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 17 is May 7, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Gang Research in the Twenty-First Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caylin Louis Moore ◽  
Forrest Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
First Century ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
State Interventions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Analytical Approaches

For nearly a century, gang scholarship has remained foundational to criminological theory and method. Twenty-first-century scholarship continues to refine and, in some cases, supplant long-held axioms about gang formation, organization, and behavior. Recent advances can be traced to shifts in the empirical social reality and conditions within which gangs exist and act. We draw out this relationship—between the ontological and epistemological—by identifying key macrostructural shifts that have transformed gang composition and behavior and, in turn, forced scholars to revise dominant theoretical frameworks and analytical approaches. These shifts include large-scale economic transformations, the expansion of punitive state interventions, the proliferation of the Internet and social media, intensified globalization, and the increasing presence of women and LGBTQ individuals in gangs and gang research. By introducing historically unprecedented conditions and actors, these developments provide novel opportunities to reconsider previous analyses of gang structure, violence, and other related objects of inquiry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 5 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Capitalization of Agricultural Subsidies into Land Prices

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Ciaian ◽  
Edoardo Baldoni ◽  
d'Artis Kancs ◽  
Dušan Drabik
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Agricultural Subsidies ◽  
Decoupled Payments ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
Rural Market

We review the recent theoretical and empirical literature on the capitalization of agricultural subsidies into land prices. The theoretical literature predicts that agricultural subsidies are capitalized into land prices when land supply is inelastic and land markets function well. The share of capitalized subsidies significantly depends on the implementation of farm subsidies, local land-market institutions, rural market imperfections, and spatial effects. Most empirical studies have shown that agricultural subsidies are only partially capitalized into land prices, estimating that decoupled payments and land-based subsidies exhibit higher capitalization than coupled payments and nonland-based subsidies, respectively. However, estimated capitalization rates vary widely across studies largely because of data availability and identification challenges. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 13 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The network structure of schizotypy in a population-based sample

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Dodell-Feder ◽  
Abhishek Saxena ◽  
Lauren Rutter ◽  
Laura Germine
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Network Approach ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Personality Organization ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Network Approaches

Outcomes for people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs) are generally poor making it important to understand risk states and illness transition. The network approach, which conceptualizes psychopathology as a network of causally interacting symptoms, may hold promise in this regard. Here, we present a network analysis of schizotypy—the personality organization involving schizophrenia-like phenomena that is thought to index one’s vulnerability for an SSD—using an international, population-based sample. In line with other research, we find that the schizotypy network is densely connected, characterized by three communities of items with interpersonal and disorganized features exhibiting the greatest centrality and predictability. Further, we find network differences between certain groups differing in levels of SSD risk. Together, these findings demonstrate the utility of using network approaches to understand SSD risk states as well as the replicability of network findings on schizotypy and related SSD risk concepts.

New Developments in Social Network Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Brass
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Network Analysis ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
New Research ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

This review of social network analysis focuses on identifying recent trends in interpersonal social networks research in organizations, and generating new research directions, with an emphasis on conceptual foundations. It is organized around two broad social network topics: structural holes and brokerage and the nature of ties. New research directions include adding affect, behavior, and cognition to the traditional structural analysis of social networks, adopting an alter-centric perspective including a relational approach to ego and alters, moving beyond the triad in structural hole and brokerage research to consider alters as brokers, expanding the nature of ties to include negative, multiplex/dissonant, and dormant ties, and exploring the value of redundant ties. The challenge is to answer the question “What's next in social network analysis?” Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Volume 9 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Emerging Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Actinopterygian Fishes

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Dornburg ◽  
Thomas J. Near
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
First Century ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Living Fossils ◽  
Actinopterygian Fishes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective

The emergence of a new phylogeny of ray-finned fishes at the turn of the twenty-first century marked a paradigm shift in understanding the evolutionary history of half of living vertebrates. We review how the new ray-finned fish phylogeny radically departs from classical expectations based on morphology. We focus on evolutionary relationships that span the backbone of ray-finned fish phylogeny, from the earliest divergences among teleosts and nonteleosts to the resolution of major lineages of Percomorpha. Throughout, we feature advances gained by the new phylogeny toward a broader understanding of ray-finned fish evolutionary history and the implications for topics that span from the genetics of human health to reconsidering the concept of living fossils. Additionally, we discuss conceptual challenges that involve reconciling taxonomic classification with phylogenetic relationships and propose an alternate higher-level classification for Percomorpha. Our review highlights remaining areas of phylogenetic uncertainty and opportunities for comparative investigations empowered by this new phylogenetic perspective on ray-finned fishes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Domestic Pressure and International Climate Cooperation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Tavoni ◽  
Ralph Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Environmental Agreements ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
International Policy ◽  
International Climate Policy ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
International Climate ◽  
Shed Light

In the wake of 25 United Nations Climate Change Conferences of the Parties (and counting), international cooperation on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to avoid substantial and potentially irreversible climate change remains an important challenge. The limited impact of the Kyoto Protocol on curbing emissions, and the gap between the ambitions of its successor and the Paris Agreement's lack of sanctioning mechanisms for addressing noncompliance, demonstrates both the difficulties in negotiating ambitious environmental agreements and the reluctance of countries to comply with their agreed emission targets once they have joined the treaty. Therefore, a better understanding of the obstacles and opportunities that the interactions between domestic and international policy pose for the design of successful international climate cooperation is of utmost importance. To shed light on the roots of the stalemate (and suggest possible ways out), this article reviews and draws lessons from a growing theoretical, experimental, and empirical literature that accounts for the hierarchical interplay between domestic political pressure and international climate policy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 13 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Animal Migration: An Overview of One of Nature's Great Spectacles

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Fudickar ◽  
Alex E. Jahn ◽  
Ellen D. Ketterson
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Integrative Biology ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Technological Revolution ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Animal Migration

The twenty-first century has witnessed an explosion in research on animal migration, in large part due to a technological revolution in tracking and remote-sensing technologies, along with advances in genomics and integrative biology. We now have access to unprecedented amounts of data on when, where, and how animals migrate across various continents and oceans. Among the important advancements, recent studies have uncovered a surprising level of variation in migratory trajectories at the species and population levels with implications for both speciation and the conservation of migratory populations. At the organismal level, studies linking molecular and physiological mechanisms to traits that support migration have revealed a remarkable amount of seasonal flexibility in many migratory animals. Advancements in the theory for why animals migrate have resulted in promising new directions for empirical studies. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and promising future avenues of study. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Climate Finance

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Giglio ◽  
Bryan Kelly ◽  
Johannes Stroebel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Risk ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Climate Finance ◽  
Fixed Income ◽  
Fixed Income Securities ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Asset Classes

In this article, we review the literature studying interactions between climate change and financial markets. We first discuss various approaches to incorporating climate risk in macrofinance models. We then review the empirical literature that explores the pricing of climate risks across a large number of asset classes, including real estate, equities, and fixed income securities. In this context, we also discuss how investors can use these assets to construct portfolios that hedge against climate risk. We conclude by proposing several promising directions for future research in climate finance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Financial Economics, Volume 13 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Social Finance

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Kuchler ◽  
Johannes Stroebel
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
House Price ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Mortgage Refinancing

We review an empirical literature that studies the role of social interactions in driving economic and financial decision-making. We first summarize recent work that documents an important role of social interactions in explaining household decisions in housing and mortgage markets. This evidence shows, for example, that there are large peer effects in mortgage refinancing decisions and that individuals’ beliefs about the attractiveness of housing market investments are affected by the recent house price experiences of their friends. We also summarize recent work showing that social interactions affect the stock market investments of both retail and professional investors as well as household financial decisions such as retirement savings, borrowing, and default. Along the way, we describe a number of easily accessible recent data sets for the study of social interactions in finance, including the Social Connectedness Index, which measures the frequency of Facebook friendship links across geographies. We conclude by outlining several promising directions for further research in the field of social finance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Financial Economics, Volume 13 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Carbon Taxes in Theory and Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert E. Metcalf
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tax ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Hybrid Carbon

As of 2020, carbon taxes were in effect in 30 jurisdictions around the world. This article provides a theoretical overview of carbon taxes along with some empirical evidence on the macroeconomic impacts of existing taxes, including emission reductions. It compares and contrasts carbon taxes with other policy instruments to reduce emissions. It also highlights issues that have recently attracted the attention of researchers on which additional research would be beneficial. Those include ( a) the role of border adjustments in a unilaterally imposed carbon tax, ( b) hybrid carbon tax systems that increase the likelihood of hitting desired emission reduction targets, ( c) the optimal price path for a carbon tax, and ( d) the growing empirical literature on the economic impact of carbon taxes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 13 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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