Paleobiology of Pleistocene Proboscideans

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Life History Data ◽  
Fossil Material ◽  
New Information ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Material Interaction

The paleobiology of Pleistocene proboscideans plays a pivotal role in understanding their history and in answering fundamental questions involving their interactions with other taxa, including humans. Much of our view of proboscidean paleobiology is influenced by analogies with extant elephants. However, a wealth of information is available for reconstructing the paleobiology of ancient proboscideans using data from fossil specimens and preservational settings. Remarkable opportunities include permafrost-derived specimens with preserved soft tissue, intestinal contents with direct evidence of diet, and compositional and structural profiles with subannual temporal resolution archived in appositional systems such as proboscidean tusks. New information on diets and local climates puts our understanding of proboscidean paleoecology on a firmer foundation, but the greatest prospects for new insight spring from life history data now being retrieved from accelerator mass spectrometry–dated fossil material. Interaction between humans and proboscideans has been a critical factor in the history of both groups.

scholarly journals Dinosaurs from the location of Gilchins vertebrates of the late Mesozoic era (Russia, Amur region)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-26
Author(s):  
I.A. Ermatsans ◽  
Yu.L. Bolotsky ◽  
I.Yu. Bolotsky ◽  
G.N. Gataulina
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Amur Region ◽  
Fossil Bone ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Late Mesozoic ◽  
Fossil Material ◽  
New Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Bone Remains

Currently there are six locations of Cretaceous continental fauna and flora in Amur region: Blagoveshchensk, Kundur and Astashikha, Gilchin, Dim, Bureinsky Belogory. Gilchin is the location of the Cretaceous dinosaurs, the potential of which still requires evaluation. The article provides new information about the history of its discovery, as well as the description of the fossils from the Gilchin collection presented in the exposition of the Paleontological Museum of the Amur Scientific Center of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The fauna of Gilchin, established by fossil bone remains, includes hadrosaurs, carnivorous dinosaurs, a dinosaur whose identity it is difficult to determine, and turtles (Trionychidae indet). Most of the definable bone remains of the collection belong to the hadrosaurs. In terms of preservation, the fossil material is close to that of the Chinese locations of Ulaga and Jiayin / Longu Shan. The article assumes similarity of the genesis of the locations of Gilchin and Jiayin / Longu Shan (China).

scholarly journals The Ocular Gene Delivery Landscape

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1135
Author(s):  
Bhubanananda Sahu ◽  
Isha Chug ◽  
Hemant Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
New Information ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Delivery Routes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Parts

The eye is at the forefront of developing therapies for genetic diseases. With the FDA approval of the first gene-therapy drug for a form of congenital blindness, numerous studies have been initiated to develop gene therapies for other forms of eye diseases. These examinations have revealed new information about the benefits as well as restrictions to using drug-delivery routes to the different parts of the eye. In this article, we will discuss a brief history of gene therapy and its importance to the eye and ocular delivery landscape that is currently being investigated, and provide insights into their advantages and disadvantages. Efficient delivery routes and vehicle are crucial for an effective, safe, and longer-lasting therapy.

scholarly journals New dilemmas, old problems: advances in data analysis and its geoethical implications in groundwater management

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
César de Oliveira Ferreira Silva ◽  
Mariana Matulovic ◽  
Rodrigo Lilla Manzione
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Groundwater Governance ◽  
Ethical Attitude ◽  
New Information ◽  
Modeling Experiment ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Groundwater governance uses modeling to support decision making. Therefore, data science techniques are essential. Specific difficulties arise because variables must be used that cannot be directly measured, such as aquifer recharge and groundwater flow. However, such techniques involve dealing with (often not very explicitly stated) ethical questions. To support groundwater governance, these ethical questions cannot be solved straightforward. In this study, we propose an approach called “open-minded roadmap” to guide data analytics and modeling for groundwater governance decision making. To frame the ethical questions, we use the concept of geoethical thinking, a method to combine geoscience-expertise and societal responsibility of the geoscientist. We present a case study in groundwater monitoring modeling experiment using data analytics methods in southeast Brazil. A model based on fuzzy logic (with high expert intervention) and three data-driven models (with low expert intervention) are tested and evaluated for aquifer recharge in watersheds. The roadmap approach consists of three issues: (a) data acquisition, (b) modeling and (c) the open-minded (geo)ethical attitude. The level of expert intervention in the modeling stage and model validation are discussed. A search for gaps in the model use is made, anticipating issues through the development of application scenarios, to reach a final decision. When the model is validated in one watershed and then extrapolated to neighboring watersheds, we found large asymmetries in the recharge estimatives. Hence, we can show that more information (data, expertise etc.) is needed to improve the models’ predictability-skill. In the resulting iterative approach, new questions will arise (as new information comes available), and therefore, steady recourse to the open-minded roadmap is recommended. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS

1941 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 519-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert B. Sabin ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Oral Secretions ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nasal Secretions

Studies on the elimination of virus in human paralytic poliomyelitis during the first 2 weeks of the disease, revealed the following:— 1. The nasal (not nasopharyngeal) secretions collected from 22 patients on cotton plugs over a period of 3 days and the saliva and oral secretions expectorated during a similar period by 20 patients failed to yield virus. 2. In 10 of the patients whose secretions (nasal, oral, or both) were investigated, virus was isolated from single specimens of the lower intestinal contents. 3. No virus was found in large amounts of urine (up to 200 cc.) obtained from 12 patients, 6 of whom had paralysis of the bladder. 4. In the present tests virus was found 4 times more often in the stools of patients under 8 years of age (64 per cent of 11 cases) than in older individuals (17 per cent of 12 cases). This difference was found to obtain when our data were combined with those which could justifiably be selected from the literature, the total figures indicating that virus has been isolated from 50 per cent of 58 children under 8 years of age and from 12 per cent of 60 older individuals. 5. No support was found for the hypothesis that poliomyelitis virus in the stools originates from swallowed nasal secretions and saliva or oral secretions.

Evidence that iron accelerates Alzheimer’s pathology: a CSF biomarker study

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 456-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Ayton ◽  
Ibrahima Diouf ◽  
Ashley Ian Bush
Keyword(s):  
Disease Process ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Accelerated Depreciation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Amyloid Aβ ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Alzheimer’S Pathology

ObjectiveTo investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin (reporting brain iron) is associated with longitudinal changes in CSF β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau.MethodsMixed-effects models of CSF Aβ1-42 and tau were constructed using data from 296 participants who had baseline measurement of CSF ferritin and annual measurement of CSF tau and Aβ1-42 for up to 5 years.ResultsIn subjects with biomarker-confirmed Alzheimer’s pathology, high CSF ferritin (>6.2 ng/mL) was associated with accelerated depreciation of CSF Aβ1-42 (reporting increased plaque formation; p=0.0001). CSF ferritin was neither associated with changes in CSF tau in the same subjects, nor longitudinal changes in CSF tau or Aβ1-42 in subjects with low baseline pathology. In simulation modelling of the natural history of Aβ deposition, which we estimated to occur over 31.4 years, we predicted that it would take 12.6 years to reach the pathology threshold value of CSF Aβ from healthy normal levels, and this interval is not affected by CSF ferritin. CSF ferritin influences the fall in CSF Aβ over the next phase, where high CSF ferritin accelerated the transition from threshold preclinical Aβ levels to the average level of Alzheimer’s subjects from 18.8 to 10.8 years.ConclusionsIron might facilitate Aβ deposition in Alzheimer’s and accelerate the disease process.

A Note on the Shipbuilding in Bengal in the Late Eighteenth Century

Itinerario ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhaswati Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
Indian Ocean Trade ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Both overseas trade and shipbuilding in India are of great antiquity. But even for the early modern period, maritime commerce is relatively better documented than the shipbuilding industry. When the Portuguese and later the North Europeans entered the intra-Asian trade, many of the ships they employed in order to supplement their shipping in Asia were obtained from the Indian dockyards. Detailed evidence with regard to shipbuilding, however, is very rare. It has been pointed out that the Portuguese in the sixteenth century were more particular than their North-European counter-parts in the following centuries in providing information on seafaring and shipbuilding. Shipbuilding on the west coast has been discussed more than that on the eastern coast of India, particularly the coast of Bengal. Though Bengal had a long tradition of shipbuilding, direct evidence of shipbuilding in the region is rare. Many changes were brought about in the history of India and the Indian Ocean trade of the eighteenth century, especially after the 1750s. When the English became the largest carriers of Bengal's trade with other parts of Asia, this had an impact on the shipbuilding in Bengal. It was in their interest that the British in Bengal had their ships built in that province.

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