Blueberry IPM: Past Successes and Future Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Rodriguez-Saona ◽  
Charles Vincent ◽  
Rufus Isaacs
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
New Production ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Invasive Pests ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Future Challenges

Blueberry is a crop native to North America with expanding production and consumption worldwide. In the historical regions of production, integrated pest management (IPM) programs have been developed and provided effective control of key insect pests. These have integrated monitoring programs with physical, cultural, biological, behavioral, and chemical controls to meet the intense demands of consumers and modern food systems. Globalization of the blueberry industry has resulted in new pest-crop associations and the introduction of invasive pests into existing and new blueberry-growing areas. Invasive pests—in particular spotted wing drosophila—have been highly disruptive to traditional IPM programs, resulting in increased use of insecticides and the potential to disrupt beneficial insects. Moreover, regulatory agencies have reduced the number of broad-spectrum insecticides available to growers while facilitating registration and adoption of reduced-risk insecticides that have a narrower spectrum of activity. Despite these new tools, increasing international trade has constrained insecticide use because of maximum residue limits, which are often not standardized across countries. Great potential remains for biological, behavioral, cultural, and physical methods to contribute to blueberry IPM, and with more regions investing in blueberry research, we expect regionally relevant IPM programs to develop in the new production regions.

scholarly journals Could Gnomoniopsis castaneae Be Used as a Biological Control Agent against Insect Pests?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4066
Author(s):  
Spiridon Mantzoukas ◽  
Ioannis Lagogiannis ◽  
Aristeidis Ntoukas ◽  
George T. Tziros ◽  
Konstantinos Poulas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mortality Factor ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Pathogenic Potential

Gnomoniopsis castaneae is the cause of the chestnut brown rot but has been also regarded as an important mortality factor for the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus. The question to whether G. castaneae could serve as a natural biocontrol agent against insect pests is investigated in the present study. We used three serious insect pests as experimental model insects: Plodia interpuctella and Trogoderma granarium, which are important pests of stored products, and Myzus persicae, a cosmopolitan, serious pest of annual and perennial crop plants. Although chemical pesticides represent effective control means, they are also related to several environmental and health risks. In search for alternative pest management methods, scientific interest has been focused, inter alia, on the use of entomopathogenic fungi. While Isaria fumosorosea has long been recognized as an effective control agent against several pests, G.castaneae has been very little studied. The present study examined whether and to what extent G. castaneae and I. fumosorosea exhibit insecticidal activity against fourth-instar larvae of P. interpunctella and T. granarium and adults of M. persicae. Mortality was examined in interrelation with dosage and time exposure intervals. Both fungi exhibited pesticidal action. However, G. castaneae induced noteworthy mortality only at very high doses. In general, we concluded that G. castaneae failed to cause high insect pathogenicity at normal doses and may not be an efficient biocontrol agent compared with other entomopathogens. On the other hand, our study reiterates the pathogenic potential of I. fumosorosea. More studies are needed to further our insight into the potential of EF species as a component of IPM.

scholarly journals Actions on sustainable food production and consumption for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. eabc8259
Author(s):  
Izabela Delabre ◽  
Lily O. Rodriguez ◽  
Joanna Miller Smallwood ◽  
Jörn P. W. Scharlemann ◽  
Joseph Alcamo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Production ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Sustainable Food Production ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities ◽  
Sustainability Standards

Current food production and consumption trends are inconsistent with the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2050 vision of living in harmony with nature. Here, we examine how, and under what conditions, the post-2020 biodiversity framework can support transformative change in food systems. Our analysis of actions proposed in four science-policy fora reveals that subsidy reform, valuation, food waste reduction, sustainability standards, life cycle assessments, sustainable diets, mainstreaming biodiversity, and strengthening governance can support more sustainable food production and consumption. By considering barriers and opportunities of implementing these actions in Peru and the United Kingdom, we derive potential targets and indicators for the post-2020 biodiversity framework. For targets to support transformation, genuine political commitment, accountability and compliance, and wider enabling conditions and actions by diverse agents are needed to shift food systems onto a sustainable path.

Monitor surveying for migrant insect pests

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Crop Pests ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Insect Survey ◽  
Local Assessment

Effective control of erratic crop pests requires accurate timing of treatments, and the dynamics of insect populations are inadequately understood. Aerial monitoring for many species simultaneously, instead of sampling each crop separately, enables the Rothamsted Insect Survey to provide accurate, quantitative, synoptic information on current levels of pest populations; this gives continuity to local assessment for advisory purposes, and adds a spatial dimension to population dynamics.

Legume seed flavonoids and nitrogenous metabolites as signals and protectants in early seedling development

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Ndakidemi ◽  
Felix D. Dakora
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Plant Pest ◽  
The Family ◽  
Early Seedling

Flavonoids and nitrogenous metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides and amino acids are major components of plant seeds. Conjugated forms of these compounds are soluble in water, and therefore, are easily released as chemical signals following imbibition. Once in the soil, these metabolites are first in line to serve as eco-sensing signals for suitable rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal partners required for the establishment of symbiotic mutualisms. They may also serve as defence molecules against pathogens and insect pests, as well as playing a role in the control of parasitic members of the family Scrophulariaceae, especially Striga, a major plant pest of cereal crops in Africa. Seed metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides and amino acids define seedling growth and, ultimately, crop yields. Thus, an improvement in our understanding of seed chemistry would permit manipulation of these molecules for effective control of pathogens, insect pests, Striga and destructive weeds, as well as for enhanced acquisition of N and P via symbioses with soil rhizobia and AM fungi.

scholarly journals Preservative Media for Beauveria Bassiana (bals.) Vuill Storage

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Helben Ismat Mohammaed ◽  
Mohammed Saeed Mirza ◽  
Feyroz Ramadan Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Effective Evaluation ◽  
Microbial Agent

Beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus that used as a biocontrol agent of insect pests. Maintaining and preserving B. bassiana cultures is essential for the effective evaluation of its potential as microbial agent against insect pest, for biodiversity studies and also for exchange of fungal material between laboratories. In the present work we evaluated the suitability of four preservation materials based on gelatin and rice to maintain the viability of B. bassiana to be used as baits for insect’s control. The gelatin amended with sugar recorded the maximum viability after 70 days of storage as 98.3% compared to 63.3% on rice media. Effective control of 80% of the ants was observed after 10 days of feeding on gelatin amended with sugar and rice bait. The results demonstrated that treatment with formulations containing conidia of B. bassiana presents insecticidal activity against ant in addition of acting as preservation materials.

scholarly journals Treading the Path towards Genetic Control of Snail Resistance to Schistosome Infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damilare Famakinde
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Model System ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Schistosome Infection ◽  
Snail Control ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Natural Vector ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Genetic Techniques

Schistosomiasis remains the most important tropical snail-borne trematodiasis that threatens many millions of human lives. In achieving schistosomiasis elimination targets, sustainable control of the snail vectors represents a logical approach. Nonetheless, the ineffectiveness of the present snail control interventions emphasizes the need to develop new complementary strategies to ensure more effective control outcomes. Accordingly, the use of genetic techniques aimed at driving resistance traits into natural vector populations has been put forward as a promising tool for integrated snail control. Leveraging the Biomphalaria-Schistosoma model system, studies unraveling the complexities of the vector biology and those exploring the molecular basis of snail resistance to schistosome infection have been expanding in various breadths, generating many significant discoveries, and raising the hope for future breakthroughs. This review provides a compendium of relevant findings, and without neglecting the current existing gaps and potential future challenges, discusses how a transgenic snail approach may be adapted and harnessed to control human schistosomiasis.

Validation of a QuEChERS-Based Method for the Estimation of Afidopyropen in Brinjal (Solanum Melongena L.) and Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Suchi Chawla ◽  
Hetal N Gor ◽  
Hemlatta K Patel ◽  
Payal P Upadhyay ◽  
Paresh G Shah
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Liquid Chromatograph ◽  
Acceptable Range

Abstract Background: Afidopyropen is a recently introduced insecticide that provides effective control of insect pests in vegetable crops, including brinjal. Field applications of this insecticide can often result in accumulation of residues in brinjal fruits, leaves, and soil at harvest, which might be a concern for food and environmental safety. This demands an appropriate method for analysis of the residues of this insecticide in these matrices to facilitate residue monitoring and safety compliance checks. Objective: The study aims to validate a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS)-based method for estimation of afidopyropen in/on brinjal leaf, fruit, and soil by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Methods: The brinjal fruit, leaf, and soil samples were extracted by an optimized QuEChERS workflow–based sample preparation method and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Results: Linearity [with coefficient of determination (R2) >0.99] was obtained in calibration curves drawn from standards prepared in the matrix and neat solvent. Although negligible matrix effects were noted in fruit and soil, ion suppression was significant in the leaf matrix (71.6%). The recoveries were within the acceptable range of 70–120%, with relative SD ≤20%. In all cases, Horwitz ratio values were within the acceptable range of 0.3–1.3, indicating satisfactory repeatability. The LOQs were 0.004, 0.001, and 0.001 mg/kg for brinjal fruit, leaf, and soil, respectively. At the spiking concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg, the estimated measurement uncertainty was <50% for all matrices. Conclusions: Because of its satisfactory precision and accuracy, the proposed method can be extended for estimation of afidopyropen in other vegetables for evaluating maximum residue limit compliance. Highlights: The study reports an optimized method for high-throughput residue analysis of afidopyropen in/on brinjal leaf, fruit, and soil. The accuracy, precision, selectivity, and sensitivity of the method comply with the regulatory requirements.

scholarly journals “When We Stand up, They Have to Negotiate with Us”: Power Relations in and between an Agroindustrial and an Indigenous Food System in Bolivia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Jacobi ◽  
Aymara Llanque
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Food System ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Scientific Culture ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Production And Consumption

Our global food system is characterized by an increasing concentration and imbalance of power, with trade-offs between hunger, inequality, unsustainable production and consumption, and profit. A systematic analysis of power imbalances in food systems is required if we are to meet the 2030 Agenda vision of promoting sustainable production and consumption patterns and ending hunger and poverty. Such an analysis, with a view to a transformation to more sustainable and just food systems, requires tools to be developed and tested in real-life case studies of food systems. To better understand the structures and mechanisms around power in food systems, this study applies a political ecology lens. We adapted the “power cube” analysis framework that was proposed by the Institute of Development Studies for the analysis of spaces, forms, and levels of power. We apply the analysis of these three dimensions of power to two food systems in the tropical lowlands of Bolivia: one agroindustrial and one indigenous. After identifying food system actors, the food system spaces in which they interact, and what forms of power they use at what levels, we discuss some implications for an emerging scientific culture of power analyses in critical sustainability assessments. Mechanisms of hidden power undermine visible legislative power in both case studies, but in our example of an indigenous food system of the Guaraní people, visible power stays with a local community through their legally recognized and communally owned and governed territory, with important implications for the realization of the right to food.

scholarly journals Seasonal Phenology of the Major Insect Pests of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and Their Natural Enemies in a Traditional Zone and Two New Production Zones of Peru

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Luis Cruces ◽  
Eduardo de la Peña ◽  
Patrick De Clercq
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
New Production ◽  
San Lorenzo ◽  
The Andes

Over the last decade, the sown area of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been increasingly expanding in Peru, and new production fields have emerged, stretching from the Andes to coastal areas. The fields at low altitudes have the potential to produce higher yields than those in the highlands. This study investigated the occurrence of insect pests and the natural enemies of quinoa in a traditional production zone, San Lorenzo (in the Andes), and in two new zones at lower altitudes, La Molina (on the coast) and Majes (in the “Maritime Yunga” ecoregion), by plant sampling and pitfall trapping. Our data indicated that the pest pressure in quinoa was higher at lower elevations than in the highlands. The major insect pest infesting quinoa at high densities in San Lorenzo was Eurysacca melanocampta; in La Molina, the major pests were E. melanocampta, Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Liriomyza huidobrensis; and in Majes, Frankliniella occidentalis was the most abundant pest. The natural enemy complex played an important role in controlling M. euphorbiae and L. huidobrensis by preventing pest resurgence. The findings of this study may assist quinoa producers (from the Andes and from regions at lower altitudes) in establishing better farming practices in the framework of integrated pest management.

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