Lysophospholipid Mediators in Health and Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuniyuki Kano ◽  
Junken Aoki ◽  
Timothy Hla
Keyword(s):  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cell Clearance ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Signaling Axis ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Fibrotic Disorders

Lysophospholipids, exemplified by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), are produced by the metabolism and perturbation of biological membranes. Both molecules are established extracellular lipid mediators that signal via specific G protein–coupled receptors in vertebrates. This widespread signaling axis regulates the development, physiological functions, and pathological processes of all organ systems. Indeed, recent research into LPA and S1P has revealed their important roles in cellular stress signaling, inflammation, resolution, and host defense responses. In this review, we focus on how LPA regulates fibrosis, neuropathic pain, abnormal angiogenesis, endometriosis, and disorders of neuroectodermal development such as hydrocephalus and alopecia. In addition, we discuss how S1P controls collective behavior, apoptotic cell clearance, and immunosurveillance of cancers. Advances in lysophospholipid research have led to new therapeutics in autoimmune diseases, with many more in earlier stages of development for a wide variety of diseases, such as fibrotic disorders, vascular diseases, and cancer. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Advances in Viroid-Host Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Navarro ◽  
Ricardo Flores ◽  
Francesco Di Serio
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Rolling Circle ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Infectious Cycle

Viroids are small, single-stranded, circular RNAs infecting plants. Composed of only a few hundred nucleotides and being unable to code for proteins, viroids represent the lowest level of complexity for an infectious agent, even below that of the smallest known viruses. Despite the relatively small size, viroids contain RNA structural elements embracing all the information needed to interact with host factors involved in their infectious cycle, thus providing models for studying structure-function relationships of RNA. Viroids are specifically targeted to nuclei (family Pospiviroidae) or chloroplasts (family Avsunviroidae), where replication based on rolling-circle mechanisms takes place. They move locally and systemically through plasmodesmata and phloem, respectively, and may elicit symptoms in the infected host, with pathogenic pathways linked to RNA silencing and other plant defense responses. In this review, recent advances in the dissection of the complex interplay between viroids and plants are presented, highlighting knowledge gaps and perspectives for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Imaging the Retinal Vasculature

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Burns ◽  
Ann E. Elsner ◽  
Thomas J. Gast
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Retinal Vasculature ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Noninvasive Measurements ◽  
Vascular Regulation

Advances in retinal imaging are enabling researchers and clinicians to make precise noninvasive measurements of the retinal vasculature in vivo. This includes measurements of capillary blood flow, the regulation of blood flow, and the delivery of oxygen, as well as mapping of perfused blood vessels. These advances promise to revolutionize our understanding of vascular regulation, as well as the management of retinal vascular diseases. This review provides an overview of imaging and optical measurements of the function and structure of the ocular vasculature. We include general characteristics of vascular systems with an emphasis on the eye and its unique status. The functions of vascular systems are discussed, along with physical principles governing flow and its regulation. Vascular measurement techniques based on reflectance and absorption are briefly introduced, emphasizing ways of generating contrast. One of the prime ways to enhance contrast within vessels is to use techniques sensitive to the motion of cells, allowing precise measurements of perfusion and blood velocity. Finally, we provide a brief introduction to retinal vascular diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

A New Old Target: Androgen Receptor Signaling and Advanced Prostate Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Westaby ◽  
Maria de Los Dolores Fenor de La Maza ◽  
Alec Paschalis ◽  
Juan M. Jimenez-Vacas ◽  
Jon Welti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Advanced Prostate Cancer ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Prostate Carcinogenesis ◽  
Signaling Axis ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Owing to the development of multiple novel therapies, there has been major progress in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer over the last two decades; however, the disease remains invariably fatal. Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play a critical role in prostate carcinogenesis, and targeting the AR signaling axis with abiraterone, enzalutamide, darolutamide, and apalutamide has improved outcomes for men with this lethal disease. Targeting the AR and elucidating mechanisms of resistance to these agents remains central to drug development efforts. This review provides an overview of the evolution and current approaches for targeting the AR in advanced prostate cancer. It describes the biology of AR signaling, explores AR-targeting resistance mechanisms, and discusses future perspectives and promising novel therapeutic strategies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals aPC/PAR1 confers endothelial anti-apoptotic activity via a discrete β-arrestin-2 mediated SphK1-S1PR1-Akt signaling axis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Molinar-Inglis ◽  
Cierra A. Birch ◽  
Dequina Nicholas ◽  
Metzli Cisneros-Aguirre ◽  
Anand Patwardhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein C ◽  
Activated Protein C ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Akt Signaling ◽  
Sphingosine Kinase 1 ◽  
Caveolin 1 ◽  
Signaling Axis ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Protease Activated Receptor 1 ◽  
Apoptotic Activity

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with multiple vascular diseases and lacks effective treatments. Activated Protein C (aPC) is a promising biotherapeutic that signals via protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) to promote diverse cytoprotective responses, including endothelial barrier stabilization, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities, which is facilitated by co-receptors. We showed that aPC-activated PAR1 signals preferentially via b-arrestin-2 (b-arr2) and dishevelled-2 (Dvl2) scaffolds rather than G proteins to enhance barrier protection. However, the mechanisms by which aPC/PAR1 promotes other cytoprotective responses are poorly understood. Here we define a novel β-arr2-mediated sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1)-sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1)-Akt signaling axis that confers aPC/PAR1-mediated protection against cell death. We show that PAR1 and S1PR1 co-exist in caveolin-1-rich microdomains basally and aPC markedly increases S1PR1-caveolin-1 co-association. Moreover, aPC stimulates b-arr2-dependent SphK1 activation independent of Dvl2, which is critical for S1PR1 transactivation. These studies reveal that different aPC/PAR1 cytoprotective responses are mediated by discrete b-arr2-driven signaling pathways in caveolae.

Apoptotic cell extrusion depends on single-cell synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate by sphingosine kinase 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 1866 (4) ◽  
pp. 158888
Author(s):  
Bruno Jaime Santacreu ◽  
Daniela Judith Romero ◽  
Lucila Gisele Pescio ◽  
Estefanía Tarallo ◽  
Norma Beatriz Sterin-Speziale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Sphingosine Kinase ◽  
Sphingosine Kinase 2 ◽  
Sphingosine 1 Phosphate ◽  
Cell Synthesis ◽  
Cell Extrusion

Endogenous Retroviruses Drive Resistance and Promotion of Exogenous Retroviral Homologs

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott S. Chiu ◽  
Sue VandeWoude
Keyword(s):  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Insight Into

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) serve as markers of ancient viral infections and provide invaluable insight into host and viral evolution. ERVs have been exapted to assist in performing basic biological functions, including placentation, immune modulation, and oncogenesis. A subset of ERVs share high nucleotide similarity to circulating horizontally transmitted exogenous retrovirus (XRV) progenitors. In these cases, ERV–XRV interactions have been documented and include ( a) recombination to result in ERV–XRV chimeras, ( b) ERV induction of immune self-tolerance to XRV antigens, ( c) ERV antigen interference with XRV receptor binding, and ( d) interactions resulting in both enhancement and restriction of XRV infections. Whereas the mechanisms governing recombination and immune self-tolerance have been partially determined, enhancement and restriction of XRV infection are virus specific and only partially understood. This review summarizes interactions between six unique ERV–XRV pairs, highlighting important ERV biological functions and potential evolutionary histories in vertebrate hosts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document