Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) in Plant Innate Immunity: Applying the Danger Model and Evolutionary Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiwamu Tanaka ◽  
Martin Heil
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Plant Innate Immunity ◽  
Immunomodulatory Peptides ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Perspectives

Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, we apply Matzinger's danger model to plant innate immunity to discuss the adaptive advantages of DAMPs and their integration into pre-existing signaling pathways. Constitutive DAMPs (cDAMPs), e.g., extracellular ATP, histones, and self-DNA, fulfill primary, conserved functions and adopt a signaling role only when cellular damage causes their fragmentation or localization to aberrant compartments. By contrast, immunomodulatory peptides exclusively function as signals and, upon damage, are activated as inducible DAMPs (iDAMPs). Dynamic coevolutionary processes between the signals and their emerging receptors and shared co-receptors have likely linked danger recognition to preexisting, conserved downstream pathways. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Biomarkers of Radiotherapy-Induced Immunogenic Cell Death

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Rianne D. W. Vaes ◽  
Lizza E. L. Hendriks ◽  
Marc Vooijs ◽  
Dirk De Ruysscher
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death ◽  
Type I ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Regulated Cell Death ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Radiation therapy (RT) can induce an immunogenic variant of regulated cell death that can initiate clinically relevant tumor-targeting immune responses. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is accompanied by the exposure and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), chemokine release, and stimulation of type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. In recent years, intensive research has unraveled major mechanistic aspects of RT-induced ICD and has resulted in the identification of immunogenic factors that are released by irradiated tumor cells. However, so far, only a limited number of studies have searched for potential biomarkers that can be used to predict if irradiated tumor cells undergo ICD that can elicit an effective immunogenic anti-tumor response. In this article, we summarize the available literature on potential biomarkers of RT-induced ICD that have been evaluated in cancer patients. Additionally, we discuss the clinical relevance of these findings and important aspects that should be considered in future studies.

scholarly journals Image-recognizing receptors of the innate immunity and their role in immunotherapy (review)

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
О.Ю. Филатов ◽  
В.А. Назаров
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Lectin Receptors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Данная статья обобщает накопившуюся на сегодняшний день информацию о многообразии образраспознающих рецепторов, их роли в регуляции иммунной системы. Распознавание патогена врожденным иммунитетом происходит с помощью рецепторов к широкому спектру антигенов за счет выделения нескольких высоко консервативных структур микроорганизмов. Эти структуры были названы патоген-ассоциированные образы (Patogen-Associated Molecular Patterns - PAMP). Наиболее изученными являются липополисахарид грамм отрицательных бактерий (LPS), липотейхоевые кислоты, пептидогликан (PGN), CpG мотивы ДНК и РНК. Рецепторы, распознающие PAMP, называются PRR. Данная группа рецепторов также распознает молекулы, образующиеся при повреждении собственных тканей. Такие молекулярные структуры называются Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP), или образы, ассоциированные с повреждением. В качестве DAMP могут выступать белки теплового шока, хроматин, фрагменты ДНК. В зависимости от локализации, образраспознающие рецепторы принято разделять на: расположенные на мембране Toll-подобные рецепторы (Toll-like receptors, TLR) и рецепторы лектина С-типа (C-type lectin receptors, CLR), а также расположенные в цитоплазме NOD-подобные рецепторы (NOD-like receptors, NLR) и цитоплазматические РНК- и ДНК-сенсоры. Сегодня у человека известно 10 типов TLR, часть из которых расположена на поверхности (TLR1-TLR6, TLR10) большинства клеток, в том числе макрофагов, В-лимфоцитов и дендритных клеток, а часть - в эндосомах (TLR3, TLR7-TLR9). CLR представляет из себя семейство рецепторов, расположенных на мембране и имеющих домены распознавания углеводов (CRD), или структурно сходные лектиноподобные домены типа C (CTLD). В данном семействе рецепторов принято по происхождению и структуре выделять 17 групп. CLR активно участвуют в противогрибковой иммунной защите, а также они играют роль в защите и от других типов микроорганизмов. NOD (нуклеотидсвязывающий и олигомеризационный домен)-подобные рецепторы расположены в цитоплазме. Благодаря этим рецепторам, патоген, который избежал распознавания на поверхности мембраны, сталкивается со вторым уровнем распознавания уже внутри клетки. В данной статье рассматриваются пути активации образраспознающих рецепторов, их эффекты и применение данных эффектов в медицине. This article summarizes currently available information about the variety of image-recognizing receptors and their role in regulation of the immune system. Pathogen recognition by the innate immunity is mediated by receptors to a wide range of antigens via recognition of several highly conservative structures of microorganisms. These structures were named pathogen-associated images or PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern). The best studied types of such structures include lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria, lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycan (PGN), and CpG DNA and RNA motifs. PAMP-recognizing receptors (PRRS) are a group of receptors, which also recognize molecules released during damage of host tissues. Such molecular structures are called DAMPS (damage-associated molecular patterns) or damage-associated images. Heat shock proteins, chromatin, and DNA fragments may act as DAMPS. Depending on the localization, image-recognizing receptors are generally classified as membrane-located Toll-like receptors (TLR) and C-type lectin receptors (CLR), as well as cytoplasmic NOD-like receptors (NLR) and cytoplasmic RNA and DNA sensors. Today, 10 types of human TLR are known. Some of them are located on the surface (TLR1-TLR6, TLR10) of most cells, including macrophages, B-cells, and dendritic cells, and some are present in endosomes (TLR3, TLR7-TLR9). CLR is a family of membrane receptors that have carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) or structurally similar lectin-like type C domains (CTLD). Seventeen groups are distinguished within this receptor family based on their origin and structure. CLRs are actively involved in antifungal immune defense and also play a role in protection against other types of microorganisms. NOD (nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain)-like receptors are present in the cytoplasm. These receptors provide the second level of recognition inside the cell for the pathogens that have escaped recognition on the membrane surface. This article discusses activation pathways of image-recognizing receptors, their effects, and the use of such effects in medicine.

A Comparative Overview of the Intracellular Guardians of Plants and Animals: NLRs in Innate Immunity and Beyond

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zane Duxbury ◽  
Chih-hang Wu ◽  
Pingtao Ding
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Nucleotide Binding Domain

Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play important roles in the innate immune systems of both plants and animals. Recent breakthroughs in NLR biochemistry and biophysics have revolutionized our understanding of how NLR proteins function in plant immunity. In this review, we summarize the latest findings in plant NLR biology and draw direct comparisons to NLRs of animals. We discuss different mechanisms by which NLRs recognize their ligands in plants and animals. The discovery of plant NLR resistosomes that assemble in a comparable way to animal inflammasomes reinforces the striking similarities between the formation of plant and animal NLR complexes. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms by which plant NLRs mediate immune responses and draw comparisons to similar mechanisms identified in animals. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of the complex genetic architecture formed by NLRs in plants and animals and the roles of NLRs beyond pathogen detection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Role of Peptide Signals Hidden in the Structure of Functional Proteins in Plant Immune Responses

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Lyapina ◽  
Anna Filippova ◽  
Igor Fesenko
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Functional Protein ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Peptide Signals ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Plants have evolved a sophisticated innate immune system to cope with a diverse range of phytopathogens and insect herbivores. Plasma-membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as receptor-like kinases (RLK), recognize special signals, pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs), and trigger immune responses. A growing body of evidence shows that many peptides hidden in both plant and pathogen functional protein sequences belong to the group of such immune signals. However, the origin, evolution, and release mechanisms of peptide sequences from functional and nonfunctional protein precursors, known as cryptic peptides, are largely unknown. Various special proteases, such as metacaspase or subtilisin-like proteases, are involved in the release of such peptides upon activation during defense responses. In this review, we discuss the roles of cryptic peptide sequences hidden in the structure of functional proteins in plant defense and plant-pathogen interactions.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns released by abdominal trauma suppress pulmonary immune responses

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1222-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Zhao ◽  
Kiyoshi Itagaki ◽  
Alok Gupta ◽  
Stephen Odom ◽  
Nicola Sandler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Abdominal Trauma ◽  
Mitochondrial Damage ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Inhibitory pattern recognition receptors

2021 ◽  
Vol 219 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matevž Rumpret ◽  
Helen J. von Richthofen ◽  
Victor Peperzak ◽  
Linde Meyaard
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Pattern Recognition Receptors ◽  
Inhibitory Receptors ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns are sensed by the immune system’s pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon contact with a microbe or damaged tissue. In situations such as contact with commensals or during physiological cell death, the immune system should not respond to these patterns. Hence, immune responses need to be context dependent, but it is not clear how context for molecular pattern recognition is provided. We discuss inhibitory receptors as potential counterparts to activating pattern recognition receptors. We propose a group of inhibitory pattern recognition receptors (iPRRs) that recognize endogenous and microbial patterns associated with danger, homeostasis, or both. We propose that recognition of molecular patterns by iPRRs provides context, helps mediate tolerance to microbes, and helps balance responses to danger signals.

Epigenetic Remodeling in Innate Immunity and Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Xuetao Cao
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Epigenetic Remodeling

The innate immune response is a rapid response to pathogens or danger signals. It is precisely activated not only to efficiently eliminate pathogens but also to avoid excessive inflammation and tissue damage. cis-Regulatory element–associated chromatin architecture shaped by epigenetic factors, which we define as the epiregulome, endows innate immune cells with specialized phenotypes and unique functions by establishing cell-specific gene expression patterns, and it also contributes to resolution of the inflammatory response. In this review, we focus on two aspects: ( a) how niche signals during lineage commitment or following infection and pathogenic stress program epiregulomes by regulating gene expression levels, enzymatic activities, or gene-specific targeting of chromatin modifiers and ( b) how the programed epiregulomes in turn mediate regulation of gene-specific expression, which contributes to controlling the development of innate cells, or the response to infection and inflammation, in a timely manner. We also discuss the effects of innate immunometabolic rewiring on epiregulomes and speculate on several future challenges to be encountered during the exploration of the master regulators of epiregulomes in innate immunity and inflammation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 39 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Wessels ◽  
Henrike Josephine Fischer ◽  
Lothar Rink
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Broad Overview

Evidence for the importance of zinc for all immune cells and for mounting an efficient and balanced immune response to various environmental stressors has been accumulating in recent years. This article describes the role of zinc in fundamental biological processes and summarizes our current knowledge of zinc's effect on hematopoiesis, including differentiation into immune cell subtypes. In addition, the important role of zinc during activation and function of immune cells is detailed and associated with the specific immune responses to bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The association of zinc with autoimmune reactions and cancers as diseases with increased or decreased immune responses is also discussed. This article provides a broad overview of the manifold roles that zinc, or its deficiency, plays in physiology and during various diseases. Consequently, we discuss why zinc supplementation should be considered, especially for people at risk of deficiency. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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