Fasting and postprandial hepatic bile flow in unanesthetized opossums

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (5) ◽  
pp. G745-G752 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Takahashi ◽  
M. K. Kern ◽  
W. J. Dodds ◽  
W. J. Hogan ◽  
R. D. Layman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Hepatic Bile ◽  
Bipolar Electrodes ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

In conscious opossums, we evaluated the relationship between hepatic bile flow and the intestinal motor function during fasting as well as after feeding. In six opossums, bipolar electrodes were implanted from the gastric antrum to the terminal ileum. After cholecystectomy, the common duct was ligated, and a catheter was tied into the proximal common duct for collecting hepatic bile. During subsequent studies, hepatic bile flow was measured, and bile was returned to the duodenum through an externalized duodenal catheter. Cyclic increases in bile flow during fasting did not show a close correlate with the duodenal migratory motor complex (MMC) cycle. Rather, bile flow showed peak values [0.11 +/- 0.02 (SE) ml/min] when phase III MMC activity reached the midileum. Hepatic bile flow correlated closely with the amount of bile acid secreted by the liver. When the bile acid pool was depleted by diverting bile from the intestine, hepatic secretion of bile fell to uniformly low values of approximately 0.04 ml/min that did not show cyclic variation. Hepatic bile flow after feeding increased to a maximal value of 0.12 +/- 0.01 ml/min at 90 min. We conclude that increases in hepatic bile flow during fasting and after meals are determined mainly by variations in intestinal motor activity that alter small bowel transit and thereby affect the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids.

Motor cycles with phase III in antrum are associated with high motilin levels and prolonged gallbladder emptying

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (4) ◽  
pp. G596-G600 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Stolk ◽  
K. J. van Erpecum ◽  
A. J. Smout ◽  
L. M. Akkermans ◽  
J. B. Jansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Gallbladder Motility ◽  
Gallbladder Emptying ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group 1

We examined the relationship of interdigestive gallbladder emptying with the different phases of the migrating motor complex (MMC) and with plasma levels of cholecystokinin (CCK) and motilin. In 10 volunteers 20 cycles of the MMC were recorded. In 11 cycles phase III occurred in antrum and duodenum (group 1). In nine cycles phase III was observed only in duodenum (group 2). In group 1 gallbladder emptying started at 30% of total cycle length and continued until the end of the cycle. Maximal gallbladder emptying was 33.3 +/- 3.3% (SE). In group 2 gallbladder emptying also started at 30% of total cycle length but ended at 60%. Maximal gallbladder emptying in this group was 24.3 +/- 3.1% (P < 0.05). Motilin levels were higher in group 1 than in group 2 during phase IIB (240.1 +/- 28.5 and 142.1 +/- 30.9 pg/ml, respectively, P < 0.05) and during phase III (210.8 +/- 24.3 and 93.5 +/- 12.5 pg/ml, respectively, P < 0.05). We conclude that: 1) phase III activities starting in the antrum are preceded by greater and prolonged gallbladder emptying, higher motilin levels, and higher intraduodenal bile acid concentrations than phase III activities starting in the duodenum and 2) no relationship between interdigestive gallbladder motility and CCK levels could be demonstrated.

Structure-function relationships of peptide fragments of gastrin and cholecystokinin.

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. E286
Author(s):  
D L Kaminski ◽  
M J Ruwart ◽  
M Jellinek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Biliary System ◽  
Peptide Fragments ◽  
Hepatic Bile ◽  
Amino Acid Peptide ◽  
The Common ◽  
Active Fragments

This study evaluates the structure-function relationships of the C-terminal peptide fragments of gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) in the biliary system and the stomach. Dogs with chronic biliary and gastric fistulas were used. Administration of the common fragments of CCK and gastrin with four and five amino acids and the active fragments of CCK with six through eight amino acids without sulfation of tyrosine in position 7 failed to alter hepatic bile flow from control values while significantly stimulating gastric hydrogen ion output. Administration of the seven and eight amino acid peptide fragments of CCK with sulfation of tyrosine in position 7 significantly increased hepatic bile flow. Administration of the sulfated octapeptide with 4 microgram/kg per h of nonsulfated octapeptide did not result in the inhibition of the choleresis produced by the sulfated peptide. The gastric hydrogen ion response produced by the administration of the nonsulfated and sulfated peptide was equal to that of the nonsulfated peptide alone. These results suggest that in the biliary system the receptor is highly specific as sulfation of the peptide fragment of CCK is essential for combining with the receptor, whereas in the stomach the receptor has little specificity and combines with all of the peptide fragments evaluated.

scholarly journals Hepatic versus gallbladder bile composition: in vivo transport physiology of the gallbladder in rainbow trout

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (6) ◽  
pp. R1674-R1684 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Grosell ◽  
M. J. O'Donnell ◽  
C. M. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Gallbladder Bile ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Hepatic Bile ◽  
Bile Composition

Ion and water transport across the teleost Oncorhynchus mykiss gallbladder were studied in vivo by comparing flow and composition of hepatic bile, collected by chronic catheter, to volume and composition of terminally collected gallbladder bile. Differences in composition were comparable with those of other vertebrates, whereas bile flow (75 μl ⋅ kg− 1 ⋅ h− 1) was below values reported for endothermic vertebrates. The gallbladder concentrates bile acids five- to sevenfold and exhibits higher net Cl− than Na+ transport in vivo, in contrast to the 1:1 transport ratio from gallbladders under saline/saline conditions. Transepithelial potential (TEP) in the presence of bile, at the apical surface, was −13 mV (bile side negative) but +1.5 mV in the presence of saline. Bile acid in the apical saline reversed the TEP, presumably by a Donnan effect. We propose that ion transport across the gallbladder in vivo involves backflux of Na+ from blood to bile resulting in higher net Cl− than Na+ flux. This Na+backflux is driven by a bile side negative TEP and low Na+activity in bile due to the complexing effects of bile acids.

Effect of duodenal bile acid delivery on fasting intestinal motor activity

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (6) ◽  
pp. G836-G841
Author(s):  
R. B. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Duct ◽  
Common Bile Duct ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Taurocholic Acid ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Motility Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Common

Fasting duodenal bile acid delivery is pulsatile and is cyclically coordinated with the duodenal migrating myoelectric complex (MMC). To determine whether duodenal bile acid delivery influences the duodenal cycle period (CP) of the MMC or the intensity of duodenal motor activity, three dogs were prepared with a duodenal cannula, permitting cannulation of the common bile duct, duodenal infusion, and manometry. CP was measured with the enterohepatic circulation intact and after the common bile duct was cannulated to divert endogenous bile from the duodenum during continuous duodenal infusion (1.6 ml/min) of 0, 2.5, 12.5, or 25 mM sodium taurocholic acid in 154 mM NaCl. During a second protocol with the enterohepatic circulation intact, a control and subsequent CP were measure, and a pulse (1 ml/min for 10 min) of pooled dog bile (112 mM total bile acids) or 0, 20, 80, or 140 mM sodium taurocholic acid in 154 mM NaCl was infused into the duodenum at 40% of the second CP (as estimated from control CP). A motility index was calculated for an interval commencing at 40% of the control CP and at the start of pulse infusion in the succeeding CP. There was no significant difference in CP with the enterohepatic circulation intact compared with that during continuous duodenal infusion of sodium taurocholic acid. There was no significant change in CP or motility index after premature pulse infusion of sodium taurocholic acid or pooled dog bile. Variation in duodenal bile acid delivery did not modulate intensity of duodenal motor activity or cycling of the MMC.

Initiation of migrating myoelectric complexes in human subjects: role of duodenal acidification and plasma motilin

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Daniel ◽  
J. E. T. Fox ◽  
S. M. Collins ◽  
T. D. Lewis ◽  
M. Meghji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Duodenal Bulb ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
Duodenal Acidification ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Plasma Motilin ◽  
The Relationship

The hypothesis that acid, emptied intermittently from the stomach during fasting, might initiate the duodenal phase of the migrating motor complex was tested in normal human subjects, in addition, the relationship between plasma motilin concentrations and the initiation of migrating motor complexes was examined. Migrating complexes occurred spontaneously in the absence of acid in the duodenal bulb and in the presence of duodenal bulb neutralization with sodium bicarbonate. Thus duodenal bulb acidification is not necessary for initiation of the duodenal phase of the migrating motor complexes. Further-more, cyclical increases in plasma motilin concentrations were not closely correlated with the initiation of the gastric phase of maximal activity of the migrating motor complexes. However, motilin concentrations were decreased significantly following onset of the duodenal phase III. We conclude that neither duodenal acidification nor increases in motilin concentration are necessary to initiate migrating motor complexes in man.

Bile Flow and Composition During Bile Acid Depletion and Administration

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis D. Klaassen
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Bile Formation ◽  
Bile Acid Excretion ◽  
Rat Bile ◽  
Acid Administration

Relatively similar concentrations of the inorganic ions were detected in rat, rabbit, and dog bile; however, dog bile had a higher concentration of protein, cholesterol, phospholipid phosphorous, and percentage solids than rat bile, and rabbit bile had the lowest concentration. The biliary excretion of bile acids was altered in each species by: (1) interruption of the enterohepatic circulation; (2) rapid administration of an exogenous load of bile acids; and (3) constant infusion of an exogenous load of bile acids. Bile acid and phospholipid phosphorous concentration and percentage solids increased after bile acid administration in all three species; however, species differences in bilirubin concentration were observed and a marked decrease was detected in rabbit and dog bile but it markedly increased in rat bile. When the enterohepatic circulation was interrupted in the dog and rat, the bile acid concentration markedly decreased with only minor changes in bile flow. This not only supports the theory that there is a bile salt independent fraction of bile formation, but also demonstrates that canalicular bile formation can be maintained at relatively normal rates with almost no excretion of bile acids. Marked discrepancy between bile acid excretion and bile flow was observed in the rat after bile acid administration, in that a marked increase in bile acid excretion was observed but little or no increase in flow. When bile flow was plotted against bile acid excretion for the three species, the slope of the line was less during bile acid administration than during depletion, indicating that the bile acids are accompanied by less water during bile acid administration than during depletion. Variation in the bile flow intercept with zero bile acid excretion (thought to represent the bile salt-independent fraction) was relatively large, which is probably due in part to alteration in the production of the bile salt independent fraction when bile acid secretion is altered. It appears that both the choleretic property of bile acids varies during various rates of bile acid excretion and the bile salt-independent fraction is not constant. Therefore, calculation of the bile salt independent fraction as previously performed should be interpreted with extreme caution. Thus, it appears difficult to determine the quantitative importance of bile acid excretion in bile formation.

Apparent volume of the biliary tree in the dog

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 524-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Barnhart ◽  
Burton Combes
Keyword(s):  
Bile Flow ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Maximal Concentration ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean

The apparent volume of the biliary tree (ABV) in the dog was determined by measuring the mean biliary transit time of injected [14C]taurocholate ([14C]TC). After bolus injection of [14C]TC, entry of bile salt into the lumen of the biliary tree is signaled by an increase in bile flow. The volume of bile collected at the common duct from onset of choleresis until maximal concentration of 14C radioactivity is reached in bile minus the calculated quantity of bile that contains radioactivity and the cannula volume yields a value for the volume of the biliary tree present just prior to injection of [14C]TC. The mean value for ABV in 19 dogs was 2.49 ± 0.65 μL/g liver (mean ± SD).

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