Apparent volume of the biliary tree in the dog

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 524-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Barnhart ◽  
Burton Combes
Keyword(s):  
Bile Flow ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Biliary Tree ◽  
Apparent Volume ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Maximal Concentration ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean

The apparent volume of the biliary tree (ABV) in the dog was determined by measuring the mean biliary transit time of injected [14C]taurocholate ([14C]TC). After bolus injection of [14C]TC, entry of bile salt into the lumen of the biliary tree is signaled by an increase in bile flow. The volume of bile collected at the common duct from onset of choleresis until maximal concentration of 14C radioactivity is reached in bile minus the calculated quantity of bile that contains radioactivity and the cannula volume yields a value for the volume of the biliary tree present just prior to injection of [14C]TC. The mean value for ABV in 19 dogs was 2.49 ± 0.65 μL/g liver (mean ± SD).

Fasting and postprandial hepatic bile flow in unanesthetized opossums

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (5) ◽  
pp. G745-G752 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Takahashi ◽  
M. K. Kern ◽  
W. J. Dodds ◽  
W. J. Hogan ◽  
R. D. Layman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Hepatic Bile ◽  
Bipolar Electrodes ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

In conscious opossums, we evaluated the relationship between hepatic bile flow and the intestinal motor function during fasting as well as after feeding. In six opossums, bipolar electrodes were implanted from the gastric antrum to the terminal ileum. After cholecystectomy, the common duct was ligated, and a catheter was tied into the proximal common duct for collecting hepatic bile. During subsequent studies, hepatic bile flow was measured, and bile was returned to the duodenum through an externalized duodenal catheter. Cyclic increases in bile flow during fasting did not show a close correlate with the duodenal migratory motor complex (MMC) cycle. Rather, bile flow showed peak values [0.11 +/- 0.02 (SE) ml/min] when phase III MMC activity reached the midileum. Hepatic bile flow correlated closely with the amount of bile acid secreted by the liver. When the bile acid pool was depleted by diverting bile from the intestine, hepatic secretion of bile fell to uniformly low values of approximately 0.04 ml/min that did not show cyclic variation. Hepatic bile flow after feeding increased to a maximal value of 0.12 +/- 0.01 ml/min at 90 min. We conclude that increases in hepatic bile flow during fasting and after meals are determined mainly by variations in intestinal motor activity that alter small bowel transit and thereby affect the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids.

Fertility investigations on the black earth wheatlands of the Darling Downs, Queensland. III. Mineral nitrogen in the soil and its relation to the wheat crop

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Waring ◽  
LJH Teakle
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Growing Crop

The level of mineral nitrogen in the soil under fallow and crop was measured for the years 1951 to 1953. Relationships of mineral nitrogen at planting to yield and nitrogen content of wheat grain and straw were examined. Values for nitrate nitrogen at the end of the fallow period ranged most commonly from 10 to 20 µg/g in the surface 2 ft and from 0 to 10 µg/g at 2-4 ft. Approximately one-third of the sites showed an increase from the third to the fourth foot. One site showed extremely high values throughout the profile, particularly at 3-4 ft where a value of 127 µg/g was recorded. Values for ammonia nitrogen were most commonly in the range of 0-3 µg/g . Under the growing crop, mineral nitrogen declined for most depths in the period from planting up to September or October, after which there was little further change to harvest. Uptake of mineral nitrogen was normally greatest from the surface 2 ft of soil. Below 3 ft there were two groups of sites. One group showed moderate to high uptake and the second group low uptake. The low uptake in the latter group provides a reason for mineral nitrogen accumulation below 3 ft at some sites. Mineral nitrogen to 4 ft at planting averaged 126 lb/ac, excluding the one site with exceptionally high values. This was double the mean value of 63 lb/ac for nitrogen recovered in grain and straw, for crops planted in May-June. These figures, combined with trends in the soil under crop, suggest that most of the nitrogen used by the crop was derived from that in the soil at planting. Correlations between mineral nitrogen at planting and grain yield were mostly non-significant, suggesting that in general nitrogen was not an important factor limiting yield. Low grain yield and protein percentage were recorded at a number of sites which had been cultivated more than 50 years.

Effect of Expression of Multidrug Resistance Genes in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma on the Clinical Course of the Disease

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 5144-5144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia Chernykh ◽  
Anatoly Golenkov ◽  
Lyudmila Vysotskaya ◽  
Sain Shushanov ◽  
Ekaterina Rybalkina
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Induction Treatment ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mdr 1 ◽  
Mdr Genes

Abstract Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the biological phenomenon, significantly reduces the survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) to the conventional chemotherapy. Overexpression of MDR gene (MDR1, MRP1, LRP, BCRP) by plasma cells may be clinically manifest of disease progression during therapy. Proteasome inhibitor Bortezomib for the treatment of MM in clinical practice has greatly improved the survival of patients with this malignant disease, but at the same time, there is a group of patients resistant to the treatment with Bortezomib. The common (total, summary) effect of the expression of 4 MDR genes on the development of drug resistance to the treatment of Bortezomib have not been studied earlier. Aim. Determination of the expression of mRNA genes MDR1, MRP1, LRP, BCRP, responsible for the development of MDR in bone marrow aspirates in patients with newly diagnosed MM before the Bortezomib-containing therapy on the clinical course of the disease and response to the treatment. Materials and methods. Was investigated a group of 15 patients with newly diagnosed stage III MM classification Durie-Salmon before the start of cytostatic therapy. The expression of MDR genes was studied in bone marrow mononuclear cells fraction containing plasma cells, by RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction reverse transcription). The degree of expression was assessed by semi-quantitative visual assessment from 0 (no electrophoretic strips) to 4 points (bright glow of the transcript). Results. The expression of MDR gene was found in all patients with newly diagnosed MM before the start of cytostatic therapy: MDR 1 gene is expressed in 14 patients (93%), genes MRP 1 and LRP were detected in 11 patients (73%), the expression of BCRP gene was found in 15 patients (100%). The mean value of expression of MRP 1 and BCRP genes according to visual assessment was 1. The mean value of gene expression MDR 1 (M ± SE) is 1.5 ± 0.27 points and LRP gene is 1.47 ± 0.14 points. The common (summary) mean expression of 4 genes was 5.0 ± 0.76 points. According to the expression level - above or below the mean value, we have identified two subgroups of the patients: subgroup A - Patients with higher overall expression of 4 genes and subgroup B - Patients with lower overall MDR genes expression. In these subgroups was analyzed the clinical parameters of disease at the moment of diagnosis, such as the level of hemoglobin, red blood cells, paraprotein, creatinine, calcium, LDH and the effectiveness of the 6 courses of induction therapy with Bortezomib- containing treatment. No significant differences in clinical scores in the subgroups A and B were not found. After induction treatment, in the subgroup A with higher overall MDR genes expression is not detected significant reduction in the absolute value of paraprotein (32,0 ± 3,7 g / l before the treatment, and 19.34 ± 6.47 g /l after the treatment). Whereas, in the subgroup B with lower overall expression, in the same conditions of the treatment, registered a significant reduction of paraprotein value (41,9 ± 5,0 g /l before the treatment, and 14.85 ± 6.53 g / l after the treatment p <0.05). Conclusion. We the first time identified the group of patients with newly diagnosed MM associated with high common expression of MDR genes before to the cytostatic treatment. The common overexpression of 4 MDR genes not associated with such clinical parameters of the disease as the level of hemoglobin, red blood cells, paraprotein, creatinine, calcium, LDH, but it decreases the immediate response to the Bortezomib-containing induction treatment. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Cooperative Salvo Attack Using Guidance Law of Multiple Missiles

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zeng ◽  
◽  
Lihua Dou ◽  
Bin Xin
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Stationary Target ◽  
Impact Time ◽  
State Variable ◽  
Guidance Law ◽  
Multiple Missiles ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Guidance Problem ◽  
Common Target

In this article, a guidance problem for cooperative salvo attack of multiple missiles against a single stationary target is investigated. The proposed guidance law combines the well-known PNG law and cooperative acceleration command, which is based on the feedback of state error between the current missile and the mean value of participant missiles. The state variable in this paper is used as the approximate calculation of time-to-go. The cooperative acceleration command is designed to adjust the flight path and impact time, which leads the multi-missiles to hit the common target simultaneously. During the engagement, the velocities of missiles are not changed and presetting impact time is not needed. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed guidance law.

scholarly journals PENGARUH METODE WAFA TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN ANAK MEMBACA AL-QUR’AN DI MI AL-HIDAYAH MANGKUJAJAR KEMBANGBAHU LAMONGAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Musa'adatul Fithriyah
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Education ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
T Test ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
A Value ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Experimental Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

The Qur'an learning is very fundamental in Islamic education, especially in elementary education. The Qur'an is one of the subjects that must be taught to children. Early education in the Qur'an is expected to produce young people having a strong mental foundation, education not only makes children as prosperous in the world, but also provides sufficient provisions to both improve their religion and practice their scriptures. To be able to practice the Holy Qur'an correctly, children must be guided and taught how to read the Qur'an properly in accordance with the rules of true recitation. In fact the Qur'an learning at MI AL-Hidayah Mangkujajar Kembangbahu Lamongan initially tended to be monotonous for being dominated by conventional learning methods. As a result,  the Qur'an learning only produced generations that could read the Qur'an with the average ability without any sense of love and closeness to the Qur'an instead of having enthusiasm in learning it well. As time goes by, the Qur'an learning at MI Al-Hidayah has increasingly developed by applying the so-called Wafa method. This method teaches children to be able to read and memorize the Qur'an by maximizing the right brain. This is classified as a new method, but it is quite practical and fun in the learning process. The research was aimed at determining the effect of the Wafa method on the ability of children to read the Qur'an at MI Al-Hidayah Mangkujajar Kembangbahu Lamongan. The research method is quantitative with the experimental type of one group pretest-post test, data analysis techniques use the mean pretest and posttest, in addition, to testing the hypothesis it uses the Paired Sample T-Test with the SPSS 16. The results showed the influence of the Wafa method on the children ability to read the Qur'an at MI Al-Hidayah Mangkujajar Kembangbahu Lamongan. It was proven from the results of the analysis through the mean pretest formula, it was obtained a value of 82.92 and increased in the acquisition of the mean value of posttest amounted to 85.75. In addition, in the Paired Sample T-Test based on significance values with SPSS 16, it is known that the Sig. (2-tailed) value is 0,000 <0,05, because sig. (2-tailed) of 0,000 is smaller than 0.05, then the hypothesis is accepted and it could be concluded that there is an influence of the WAFA Method on the ability to read the Qur'an at MI Al-Hidayah Mangkujajar Kembangbahu Lamongan.

scholarly journals Surface Radio Refractivity of Akure and Ondo town, Southwest Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-219
Author(s):  
IP Onujagbe ◽  
F Ahmed-Ade ◽  
M Mopah ◽  
AJ David
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
K Value ◽  
Earth Radius ◽  
A Value ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
The Mean

The surface radio refractivity, refractivity gradient at 1km above ground surface and the effective earth radius factor, K over Akure and Ondo town of South west Nigeria has been investigated using Ten (10) years daily data of the meteorological parameters of Pressure, air temperature and humidity. The result showed that the mean monthly value of the surface refractivity at the Ondo station is generally slightly higher than that of Akure. The monthly mean value of refractivity at the two stations was found to be strongly correlated with a value of 0.915. The most negative refractive gradient value observed at Ondo and Akure are of -46.48N-units/km and -45.64N-units/km respectively and the least effective earth radius factor, k value of 1.421 and 1.410 were observed at the station respectively. These results showed that the Ondo and Akure station were generally super-refractive. The Ondo station was however found to be slightly more super-refractive than the Akure station.

scholarly journals PROGRESSION OF AUTOANTIBODIES ANTI-GAD AND ANTI-IA2 IN TYPE 1A DIABETICS AGED OF 5 TO 21 YEARS IN CÔTE D’IVOIRE

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aïssé Florence Judith Trébissou ◽  
Chiayé Claire Antoinette Yapo-Crezoit ◽  
Pascal Sibailly ◽  
Mamadou Sanogo ◽  
Amos Ankotché ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Gad Autoantibodies ◽  
A Value ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes autoantibodies are indispensable markers of diabetes classification.Objectiveto research autoantibodies anti-GAD and anti-IA2 in type 1A diabetics (T1D) aged 5 to 21 years, and to follow the progression of these autoantibodies in T1D patients, in Côte d’Ivoire.MethodsThe study population composed of 28 T1D patients, aged 5 to 21 years. T1D were followed up in two diabetes care centers in Abidjan district, Endocrinology departments of U.H.C of Yopougon and Treichville. Anti-GAD and anti-IA2 autoantibodies were researched by ELISA.Resultsanti-GAD and anti-IA2 were present in T1D and their siblings. After 2 years of diabetes, the titer of the anti-GAD autoantibodies increased to the mean value of 677.10 ± 353.20 IU / ml. Then, a fall of the anti-GAD autoantibodies until the cancellation was observed from the 8th to the 9th with values of 117 IU / ml to 10.14 IU / ml. Anti-IA2 autoantibodies fall at 9th year of diabetes with a value of 55.10 IU / ml.Conclusionanti-GAD and anti-IA2 autoantibodies persist after 9 years of diabetes, causing total destruction over time of the pancreatic β-cell mass in patients from Côte d’Ivoire, leading them to the death.

The thermal neutron activation cross section of 59Co

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (20) ◽  
pp. 2325-2329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet S. Merritt ◽  
R. E. Green
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Thermal Neutron ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Thermal Neutron Flux ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Thermal Neutron Activation ◽  
Activation Cross Section ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean

The 2200 m/s neutron activation cross section of 59Co has been determined with respect to 197Au by irradiating gold and cobalt foils in a thermal neutron flux. The result for the production of 5.261-year 60Co both directly and through 60Com is[Formula: see text]based on a value of σ0 = 98.7 b for, 197Au. Allowing for the 60Com that decays directly to levels in 60Ni yields a value for the 2200 m/s capture cross section of[Formula: see text]The standard deviation of the mean value of seven determinations was ± 0.06 %. The quoted error of ± 0.27 b has been derived from estimates of systematic errors that are discussed.

The effect of cyclosporine A on bile secretion in dogs

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis R. Sutherland ◽  
Roy M. Preshaw ◽  
Eldon A. Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Cyclosporine A ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Common Duct ◽  
Bile Secretion ◽  
Taurocholic Acid ◽  
Duodenal Fistula ◽  
The Common ◽  
Bile Output ◽  
Oral Doses

Cyclosporine A is reported to cause cholestasis, but the evidence is confounded by anesthesia and surgery used in acute experiments. To better investigate the effect of cyclosporine on the liver, bile output was directly measured in three cholecystectomized dogs by cannulating the common duct through a chronic duodenal fistula. Control studies were done 1 month after surgery. Cyclosporine in oral doses of 5, 15, and 50 mg∙kg−1∙d−1 was then given for consecutive 1-week periods. Twice during each study period, bile output was measured for 5 h in fasted, awake animals: 3 h to establish basal conditions, followed by 2 h of taurocholate infusions at 1 and then 2 μmol∙kg−1∙min−1. Under basal conditions, bile flow rose with each dose of cyclosporine, increasing 63, 127, and 179% above control with cyclosporine 5, 15, and 50 mg∙kg−1∙d−1 respectively. Bile flow increased similarly during taurocholic acid stimulation. Cyclosporine had no effect on bile salt or bilirubin secretion. In this chronic dog model isolated from other causes of cholestasis, cyclosporine did not induce cholestasis but rather caused a dose-related choleresis without any change in bile salt secretion.Key words: cyclosporine A, bile, cholestasis, hepatotoxicity.

Studies on the Coconut Pest, Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown (Coreidae), in Zanzibar.

1959 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Vanderplank
Keyword(s):  
Market Price ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Oecophylla Longinoda ◽  
Damage Rate ◽  
A Value ◽  
Total Acreage ◽  
The Mean

SummaryIn the second of this series of papers on the losses caused by the Coreid, Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown, to coconuts in Zanzibar, descriptions are given in summary form of a number of Government-owned plantations of coconuts on the island, together with the yields recorded over the 12 years, 1944–55. The variation from year to year in any group of plantations is not large, and over all those considered does not exceed 25·8 per cent, of the 12-year mean.In the plantations on poorer soils, predominantly occupied by the ants Anoplolepis longipes (Jerd.) or A. custodiens (F. Sm.), the vidaka damage rate (V.D.R.) during 1955 varied from 60–80. The plantations on better soils are occupied predominantly by a complex of Oecophylla longinoda (Latr.) and Pheidole punctulata Mayr and the V.D.R. determined on a part of these in 1955–56 varied from approximately 41 to 55, with a mean of 47·1. The mean value of the V.D.R. calculated from 200 localities taken at random in Zanzibar during June–August 1955 was 60·6. Taking a value of 50 as a conservative estimate of the V.D.R. for the whole island, and inserting this in the regression equation Y = a + bX relating yield (Y) with V.D.R. (X), derived in the first of this series of papers, together with the average values of the constants a and b obtained therein, it is shown that about two-thirds of the potential crop of coconuts is lost as a result of damage by P. wayi.Comparison of the yields from palms occupied by Oecophylla in two of the plantations on better soil with those of the whole of those plantations suggests that about one-half of the potential crop is being lost.The annual value of the total exports of unconverted nuts and coconut products (copra and coconut oil) varied from £636,254 to £1,008,194 during 1949–56, and the annual value of the total production of nuts, calculated from the estimated total acreage (104,000), the number of palms per acre (50), the 12-year average yield per palm on Government-owned plantations (22·5 nuts per annum) and the market price in 1948–56 (Shgs. (E.A.) 90–150 per thousand nuts), is £526,500 to £877,500. Taking into consideration the lower and upper estimates of the amount of crop lost and of the value of what remains, the minimum and maximum estimates of the financial loss caused by P. wayi in Zanzibar are of the order of £500,000 and £2 million, respectively.

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