scholarly journals Hemodynamic consequences of chronic parasympathetic blockade with a peripheral muscarinic antagonist

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (2) ◽  
pp. H1265-H1272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Ayer ◽  
Vladan Antic ◽  
Abdul G. Dulloo ◽  
Bruce N. Van Vliet ◽  
Jean-Pierre Montani
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Muscarinic Antagonist ◽  
Sustained Effects ◽  
Parasympathetic Function

Whereas the sympathetic nervous system has a well-established role in blood pressure (BP) regulation, it is not clear whether long-term levels of BP are affected by parasympathetic function or dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that chronic blockade of the parasympathetic nervous system has sustained effects on BP, heart rate (HR), and BP variability (BPV). Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented for monitoring of BP 22-h per day by telemetry and housed in metabolic cages. After the rats healed from surgery and a baseline control period, scopolamine methyl bromide (SMB), a peripheral muscarinic antagonist, was infused intravenously for 12 days. This was followed by a 10-day recovery period. SMB induced a rapid increase in mean BP from 98 ± 2 mmHg to a peak value of 108 ± 2 mmHg on day 2 of the SMB infusion and then stabilized at a plateau value of +3 ± 1 mmHg above control ( P < 0.05). After cessation of the infusion, the mean BP fell by 6 ± 1 mmHg. There was an immediate elevation in HR that remained significantly above control on the last day of SMB infusion. SMB also induced a decrease in short-term (within 30-min periods) HR variability and an increase in both short-term and long-term (between 30-min periods) BPV. The data suggest that chronic peripheral muscarinic blockade leads to modest, but sustained, increases in BP, HR, and BPV, which are known risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity.

scholarly journals Impact of intermittent hypoxia on long-term facilitation of minute ventilation and heart rate variability in men and women: do sex differences exist?

2008 ◽  
Vol 104 (6) ◽  
pp. 1625-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harpreet Wadhwa ◽  
Ciprian Gradinaru ◽  
Gregory J. Gates ◽  
M. Safwan Badr ◽  
Jason H. Mateika
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
System Activity ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Long Term Facilitation

Following exposure to intermittent hypoxia, respiratory motor activity and sympathetic nervous system activity may persist above baseline levels for over an hour. The present investigation was designed to determine whether sustained increases in minute ventilation and sympathovagal (S/V) balance, in addition to sustained depression of parasympathetic nervous system activity (PNSA), were greater in men compared with women following exposure to intermittent hypoxia. Fifteen healthy men and women matched for age, race, and body mass index were exposed to eight 4-min episodes of hypoxia during sustained hypercapnia followed by a 15-min end-recovery period. The magnitude of the increase in minute ventilation during the end-recovery period, compared with baseline, was similar in men and women (men, 1.52 ± 0.03; women, 1.57 ± 0.02 fraction of baseline; P < 0.0001). In contrast, depression of PNSA and increases in S/V balance were evident during the end-recovery period, compared with baseline, in men (PNSA, 0.66 ± 0.06 fraction of baseline, P < 0.0001; S/V balance, 2.8 ± 0.7 fraction of baseline, P < 0.03) but not in women (PNSA, 1.27 ± 0.19 fraction of baseline, P = 0.3; S/V balance, 1.8 ± 0.6 fraction of baseline, P = 0.2). We conclude that a sustained increase in minute ventilation, which is indicative of long-term facilitation, is evident in both men and women following exposure to intermittent hypoxia and that this response is independent of sex. In contrast, sustained alterations in autonomic nervous system activity were evident in men but not in women.

scholarly journals Multiplexed neurochemical transmission emulated using a dual-excitatory synaptic transistor

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxue Ma ◽  
Yao Ni ◽  
Zirong Chi ◽  
Wanqing Meng ◽  
Haiyang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Binary Neural Network ◽  
Neuromorphic Systems ◽  
Human Brains

AbstractThe ability to emulate multiplexed neurochemical transmission is an important step toward mimicking complex brain activities. Glutamate and dopamine are neurotransmitters that regulate thinking and impulse signals independently or synergistically. However, emulation of such simultaneous neurotransmission is still challenging. Here we report design and fabrication of synaptic transistor that emulates multiplexed neurochemical transmission of glutamate and dopamine. The device can perform glutamate-induced long-term potentiation, dopamine-induced short-term potentiation, or co-release-induced depression under particular stimulus patterns. More importantly, a balanced ternary system that uses our ambipolar synaptic device backtrack input ‘true’, ‘false’ and ‘unknown’ logic signals; this process is more similar to the information processing in human brains than a traditional binary neural network. This work provides new insight for neuromorphic systems to establish new principles to reproduce the complexity of a mammalian central nervous system from simple basic units.

scholarly journals TAILA DHARA IN NIDRANASHA W.S.R. TO INSOMNIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Raosaheb Patil
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Deep Sleep ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Disturbed Sleep ◽  
The Mind

ABSTRACT Ayurveda says Nidra yuktam Sukham Dukkham, In fact, it says that sleep is one of the three pillars of health. Insomnia or Nidranasha, is not just about being not getting proper sleep but it means that the nervous system has been weakened and reduces our ability to cope up with daily sleep. Insomnia is named as Nidranasha, happens due to vitiation of Kapha, Pitta and Vata dosha. Proper and deep sleep helps the person keep Energetic, Enthusiastic, does Brumhana, increases the Bala, increases vigour and vitality and most it keeps the Mind in stable state for gaining knowledge. Insomnia means inability to get sleep at night or inability to have a restful and sound sleep. Insomnia is typically followed by daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, and a depressed mood. Insomnia can be short term, lasting for days or weeks, or long term, lasting more than a month. Insomnia can occur independently or as a result of another problem. Conditions that can result in insomnia include psychological stress, chronic pain, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, heartburn, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, Arthritis, menopause, and certain medications, and drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. Treatment of Insomnia:- Panchakarma â€“ Taila dhara a type of Shirodhara is very much useful in combacting the Insomnia caused due to various above said disorders. So its a demand of time to know about the real sleep and the disturbed sleep according to Ayurveda and Mordern medicines also and effect of Taila Dhara Brahmi,Jatamamsi siddha) in treating Insomnia.

scholarly journals Compensatory rebound of body movements during sleep, after asphyxia in neonatal rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-257
Author(s):  
Olivia Adayr Xavier Suarez ◽  
Katsumasa Hoshino
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Movement Frequency ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Long Term Consequences

PURPOSE: The usefulness of body movements that occur during sleep when assessing perinatal asphyxia and predicting its long-term consequences is contradictory. This study investigated whether neonatal rats manifest these movements in compensatory rebound after asphyxia, and if these alterations play an important role in its pathogenesis. METHODS: Eight neonatal rats (aged 6-48h) were implanted with small EMG and EKG electrodes and sleep movements were recorded over a 30-minute control period. Recordings were continued during asphyxia caused by the enclosure of the animal in a polyvinyl sheet for 60 minutes, followed by a 30-minute recovery period. RESULTS: Heart rate was lowered to bradycardic level during asphyxia causing behavioral agitation and increased waking time during the initial phase (30 minutes). Sleep-related movements were also significantly reduced from 12.5 ± 0.5 (median ± SE/2min) to 9.0 ± 0.44 in the final half of the period (Anova, p<0.05). Movement frequency increased in the recovery period to 15.0 ± 0.49 (Anova, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These data show that newborn rats present compensatory rebound of body movements during sleep which may help in the diagnosis of asphyxia and other problems related to sleep parameters.

scholarly journals Metabolic effects of CO 2 anaesthesia in Drosophila melanogaster

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1050-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Colinet ◽  
D. Renault
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Metabolic Variation ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Entomological Research

Immobilization of insects is necessary for various experimental purposes, and CO 2 exposure remains the most popular anaesthetic method in entomological research. A number of negative side effects of CO 2 anaesthesia have been reported, but CO 2 probably brings about metabolic modifications that are poorly known. In this work, we used GC/MS-based metabolic fingerprinting to assess the effect of CO 2 anaesthesia in Drosophila melanogaster adults. We analysed metabolic variation of flies submitted to acute CO 2 exposure and assessed the temporal metabolic changes during short- and long-term recovery. We found that D. melanogaster metabotypes were significantly affected by the anaesthetic treatment. Metabolic changes caused by acute CO 2 exposure were still manifested after 14 h of recovery. However, we found no evidence of metabolic alterations when a long recovery period was allowed (more than 24 h). This study points to some metabolic pathways altered during CO 2 anaesthesia (e.g. energetic metabolism). Evidence of short-term metabolic changes indicates that CO 2 anaesthesia should be used with utmost caution in physiological studies when a short recovery is allowed. In spite of this, CO 2 treatment seems to be an acceptable anaesthetic method provided that a long recovery period is allowed (more than 24 h).

scholarly journals Changes in drinking as predictors of changes in sickness absence: a case-crossover study

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Ervasti ◽  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
Jaana Pentti ◽  
Jaana I Halonen ◽  
Jussi Vahtera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sickness Absence ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Heavy Drinking ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Case Crossover ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Case Period ◽  
Drinking Session

BackgroundWe investigated whether changes in alcohol use predict changes in the risk of sickness absence in a case-crossover design.MethodsFinnish public sector employees were surveyed in 2000, 2004 and 2008 on alcohol use and covariates. Heavy drinking was defined as either a weekly intake that exceeded recommendations (12 units for women; 23 for men) or having an extreme drinking session. The responses were linked to national sickness absence registers. We analysed the within-person relative risk of change in the risk of sickness absence in relation to change in drinking. Case period refers to being sickness absent within 1 year of the survey and control period refers to not being sickness absent within 1 year of the survey.ResultsPeriods of heavy drinking were associated with increased odds of self-certified short-term (1–3 days) sickness absence (multivariable-adjusted OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.38 for all participants; 1.62, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.21 for men and 1.15, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.33 for women). A higher risk of short-term sickness absence was also observed after increase in drinking (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.52) and a lower risk was observed after decrease in drinking (OR=0.83, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.00). Both increase (OR=1.38, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.57) and decrease (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.43) in drinking were associated with increased risk of long-term (>9 days) medically certified all-cause sickness absence.ConclusionIncrease in drinking was related to increases in short-term and long-term sickness absences. Men and employees with a low socioeconomic position in particular seemed to be at risk.

scholarly journals Effect of short-term microgravity and long-term hindlimb unloading on rat cardiac mass and function

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1207-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester A. Ray ◽  
Marilyn Vasques ◽  
Todd A. Miller ◽  
M. Keith Wilkerson ◽  
Michael D. Delp
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricular Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cardiac Mass ◽  
Hindlimb Unloading ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cardiac Atrophy ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Heart Mass

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exposure to short-term microgravity or long-term hindlimb unloading induces cardiac atrophy in male Sprague-Dawley rats. For the microgravity study, rats were subdivided into four groups: preflight (PF, n = 12); flight (Fl, n = 7); flight cage simulation (Sim, n = 6), and vivarium control (Viv, n = 7). Animals in the Fl group were exposed to 7 days of microgravity during the Spacelab 3 mission. Animals in the hindlimb-unloading study were subdivided into three groups: control (Con, n = 20), 7-day hindlimb-unloaded (7HU, n = 10), and 28-day hindlimb-unloaded (28HU, n = 19). Heart mass was unchanged in adult animals exposed to 7 days of actual microgravity (PF 1.33 ± 0.03 g; Fl 1.32 ± 0.02 g; Sim 1.28 ± 0.04 g; Viv 1.35 ± 0.04 g). Similarly, heart mass was unaltered with hindlimb unloading (Con 1.40 ± 0.04 g; 7HU 1.35 ± 0.06 g; 28HU 1.42 ± 0.03 g). Hindlimb unloading also had no effect on the peak rate of rise in left ventricular pressure, an estimate of myocardial contractility (Con 8,055 ± 385 mmHg/s; 28HU 8,545 ± 755 mmHg/s). These data suggest that cardiac atrophy does not occur after short-term exposure to microgravity and that neither short- nor long-term simulated microgravity alters cardiac mass or function.

Chemopreventive effect of diclofenac on mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats

Biologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Orendáš ◽  
Ivan Ahlers ◽  
Bianka Bojková ◽  
Monika Kassayová ◽  
Peter Kubatka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Mammary Carcinogenesis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Antiinflammatory Drugs ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Chemopreventive Effect

AbstractChemopreventive effect of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in mammary carcinogenesis was reported in several studies. In this study, the effect of a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac (DICLO) in the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley female rats was evaluated. NMU was administered to animals intraperitoneally in two doses of 50 mg kg−1 b.w. within postnatal days 42-48. In experiment A (short-term administration), DICLO was administrated intramuscularly (5 mg kg−1 b.w.) every other day, starting 3 days before and for subsequent 25 days after first NMU injection. In experiment B (long-term administration), DICLO was administered in tap water (0.01 mg ml−1) continually, starting 7 days before and for subsequent 22 weeks after first NMU dose. The study was terminated 22 weeks after the first dose of NMU in both experiments. After DICLO treatment, tumor frequency per group was reduced in both variants of drug administration: in experiment A by 38% and in experiment B by 39.5%. Moreover, DICLO decreased tumor incidence by 11.5% and delayed tumor latency by 14 days in experiment B. In our preventive-curative experiments DICLO decreased some parameters of NMU-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis, mainly the tumor frequency.

Transient and Sustained Effects of an Auditory Accessory Stimulus in a Visual Go/No Go Task

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiki Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Visual Reaction Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sustained Effects ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Accessory Stimulus ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

The present study examined the facilitation effects of an auditory accessory stimulus that was irrelevant to a visual reaction time (RT) task as a function of stimulus onset asynchrony between the accessory stimulus and the visual target stimulus. Results of the present experiment showed that the auditory accessory stimulus caused two variations of RT, short term and long-term, that were distinguished on the basis of stimulus onset asynchrony. This finding suggested that effects of an accessory stimulus consisted of two qualitatively different facilitations. The Transient Facilitation appeared instantly after the onset of the accessory stimulus and then soon decayed, and the Sustained Facilitation increased and decreased more gradually than the former.

scholarly journals Chronic central leptin infusion restores cardiac sympathetic-vagal balance and baroreflex sensitivity in diabetic rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (5) ◽  
pp. H1974-H1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussara M. do Carmo ◽  
John E. Hall ◽  
Alexandre A. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
System Control ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Control Diabetes

This study tested whether leptin restores sympathetic-vagal balance, heart rate (HR) variability, and cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with arterial and venous catheters, and a cannula was placed in the lateral ventricle for intracerebroventricular (ICV) leptin infusion. Blood pressure (BP) and HR were monitored by telemetry. BRS and HR variability were estimated by linear regression between HR and BP responses to phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside and autoregressive spectral analysis. Measurements were made during control period, 7 days after induction of diabetes, and 7 days after ICV leptin infusion. STZ diabetes was associated with hyperglycemia (422 ± 17 mg/dl) and bradycardia (−79 ± 4 beats/min). Leptin decreased glucose levels (165 ± 16 mg/dl) and raised HR to control values (303 ± 10 to 389 ± 10 beats/min). Intrinsic HR (IHR) and chronotropic responses to a full-blocking dose of propranolol and atropine were reduced during diabetes (260 ± 7 vs. 316 ± 6, −19 ± 2 vs. −43 ± 6, and 39 ± 3 vs. 68 ± 8 beats/min), and leptin treatment restored these variables to normal (300 ± 7, −68 ± 10, and 71 ± 8 beats/min). Leptin normalized BRS (bradycardia, −2.6 ± 0.3, −1.7 ± 0.2, and −3.0 ± 0.5; and tachycardia, −3.2 ± 0.4, −1.9 ± 0.3, and −3.4 ± 0.3 beats·min−1·mmHg−1 for control, diabetes, and leptin) and HR variability (23 ± 4 to 11 ± 1.5 ms2). Chronic glucose infusion to maintain hyperglycemia during leptin infusion did not alter the effect of leptin on IHR but abolished the improved BRS. These results show rapid impairment of autonomic nervous system control of HR after the induction of diabetes and that central nervous system actions of leptin can abolish the hyperglycemia as well as the altered IHR and BRS in STZ-induced diabetes.

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