Electrolyte Metabolism in Pyridoxine, Riboflavin and Pantothenic Acid-Deficient Rats

1957 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Diamant ◽  
K. Guggenheim
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Electrolyte Metabolism ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Plasma Electrolyte ◽  
Full Diet ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Riboflavin Deficient

Muscle and plasma electrolyte concentrations were determined in rats suffering from pyridoxine, riboflavin and pantothenic acid deficiencies. Muscle of deficient rats contained more sodium and chloride than that of normal animals. There was also an increase in the plasma chloride content in pyridoxine and riboflavin-deficient rats. A decrease was observed in the potassium content of muscle in pyridoxine, and of the sodium level in plasma of riboflavin deficient animals. Cortisone, when administered to pyridoxine-deficient animals, reduced muscle sodium and chloride, and increased its potassium concentration. No such effect is found when cortisone is injected into normal or adrenalectomized rats maintained on a full diet. A saline load was imposed on pyridoxine-deficient rats. They responded with a diminished excretion of water, sodium and chloride. Cortisone, which under our experimental conditions had no effect upon the excretion of these substances in normal rats, increased however, excretion of water, sodium and chloride, when given to pyridoxine deficient rats. The retention of sodium and chloride in our deficient rats and their increased excretion following treatment with cortisone is interpreted as a consequence of either the decreased glomerular filtration found in pyridoxine, riboflavin and pantothenic acid deficiencies, and/or of the increased tubular reabsorption resulting from adrenal insufficiency, which both can be restored to normal again by administration of cortisone.

Expert-analytical approach to assessing activity of vitamin D based on determination of vitamin D associated links by indicators of water-electrolyte metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (30) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
A. V. Solomennikov ◽  
S. L. Bogdanova ◽  
A. I. Tyukavin ◽  
N. A. Arsenyev
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
Electrolyte Metabolism ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Plasma Electrolyte ◽  
Analytical System

The authors used the proposed method of mathematical and statistical processing of laboratory data (indicators of electrolyte metabolism and osteomarkers) of archived data of 82 patients with various bone diseases aged 9.90 ± 0.55 years compared the structural changes in the panel of ratios of individual electrolytes and the influence of individual indicators on them in personalized data, on the basis of which a conclusion was made about a single mechanism of coinciding influences in the exchange of bone tissue. At the same time, it was found that the complex of associated links detected by the vitamin influence on the panel of electrolyte ratios may differ signifcantly in some cases from each other. These differences consisted in highly pronounced differences in the activity of vitamin D in relation to various components of osteosynthesis and osteolysis, which are described in the modern literature. On this basis, the authors conclude that the used method (analytical system) allows to identify the functional connections of the dynamics of the indicator of vitamin D in individual cases with the dynamics of other indicators of bone, which signifcantly expands the informativeness of the results of laboratory examination of the patient in determining the leading systems the implementation of functional activity of the vitamin. The presented results justify the possibility of creating and describing different images of vitamin D-related changes in the plasma electrolyte composition, followed by their use in the identifcation of certain disorders of calcium metabolism and/or evaluating the effectiveness of the therapy used in each individual case.

Contralateral renal function after unilateral renal vein ligation

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (5) ◽  
pp. 1093-1096
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Perlmutt
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Left Renal Vein ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Free Water Clearance ◽  
Excretion Rates ◽  
The Right

The effect of increased pressure in one kidney, produced by ligation of its vein, on contralateral renal function was investigated in eight anesthetized dogs. Kidney function was determined under the same experimental conditions in five dogs, but without renal vein ligation. For the latter group, renal function, on the average, remained reasonably stable. After left renal vein ligation, findings for the right kidney were as follows: a) decreased urine flow, amounting maximally to 9.5–41.4% of control flows; b) slight increase of questionable significance in creatinine clearance; c) inconstant changes in PAH clearance; d) increase in urine osmolality to hypertonic values; e) decrease in solute-free water clearance; f) slight rise of questionable significance in total solute clearance; and g) either no change or inconstant changes in excretion rates Na+ and K+. The data indicate that the oliguria resulted solely from increased renal tubular reabsorption of water, suggesting liberation of antidiuretic hormone as the possible mechanism. Direct nervous influences on tubular reabsorption of water cannot, however, be presently ruled out.

Bound sodium in artery wall

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verle E. Headings ◽  
Paul A. Rondell ◽  
David F. Bohr
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Krebs Solution ◽  
Artery Wall ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Inulin Space ◽  
Excess Sodium ◽  
Total Sodium

Analyses were made of total sodium, potassium and chloride content and of inulin space in dog carotid artery. The Ki/Ko gradient was found to be 125/4. Sodium space calculated from these analyses is larger than total hydration, thus precluding calculation of the Nai/No gradient. It is postulated that the excess sodium is associated with the mucopolysaccharides present in the interstitial spaces of the artery wall media. This associated sodium is readily replaced during 3-minute incubation of the artery wall media in Krebs' solution in which either the hydrogen or the potassium concentration is increased. It appears improbable that the majority of the excess sodium can be attributed to a Donna equilibrium since chloride concentration in the incubated tissue is much greater than that calculated to be required for this equilibrium.

STUDIES ON VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF LARVAE OF THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (MG.), UNDER ASEPTIC CONDITIONS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Friend ◽  
R. L. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Thioctic Acid ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Onion Maggot ◽  
Hylemya Antiqua ◽  
Aseptic Conditions

Larvae of the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Mg.), were reared individually under aseptic conditions on chemically defined diets. Of 11 growth factors tested, biotin, pantothenic acid, choline, folic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine were essential for normal growth and development of the larvae. Omitting one of vitamin B12, thioctic acid, or coenzyme A slowed larval development slightly; fewer larvae pupated, and the ratio of male to female flies was high. However, these growth factors were not essential under the experimental conditions. This is believed to be the first chemically defined diet that will support the growth and development of a phytophagous insect under aseptic conditions. The check diet, which contained all of the vitamins tested, consisted of 19 l-amino acids, 9 B vitamins, coenzyme A, thioctic acid, inosine, thymine, ribonucleic acid, glucose, cholesterol, a salt mixture, and agar.

Teaching the renal tubular reabsorption of glucose using two classic papers by Shannon et al.

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdir A. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Renal Physiology ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Glucose Reabsorption ◽  
Renal Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Renal Tubular ◽  
Classic Papers ◽  
Classic Paper ◽  
Insight Into

Most of the transport along the nephron uses membrane proteins and exhibits the three characteristics of mediated transport: saturation, specificity, and competition. Glucose reabsorption in the nephron is an excellent example of the consequences of saturation. Two classic papers by James A. Shannon and colleagues clearly show the ability of the kidney in transporting glucose and its saturation process, providing students with examples of the handling of glucose by the kidney. In addition, these articles demonstrate how stable and reproducible is the transport maximum of glucose in the proximal tubule under different experimental conditions. One key figure from each classic paper can be used to give students insight into how glucose transport becomes saturated, resulting in the excretion of glucose in urine, and will also give students a clear example of how careful experimentation and a clear interest in renal physiology led Shannon and colleagues to advance the field.

Influence of Extracellular Volume Expansion on the Composition of Proximal Tubular Fluid in Man

1971 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Fillastre ◽  
R. Ardaillou ◽  
R. Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Ethacrynic Acid ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Tubular Reabsorption ◽  
Sodium Reabsorption ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Bicarbonate Reabsorption ◽  
Proximal Tubular ◽  
Extracellular Volume Expansion

1. Distal blockade by simultaneous administration of ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide was performed in healthy subjects whose extracellular fluid was expanded by iso-osmotic sodium chloride or bicarbonate. The results obtained were compared with those from non-expanded subjects (Ardaillou & Fillastre, 1969). 2. By this technique urine approximates in composition to proximal tubular fluid and may be used to provide information on its composition. As in other mammals, UNa/PNa and Uosm/Posm were close to 1, whatever the experimental conditions. UCl/PCl was always higher and UHCO3/PHCO3 always less than 1. 3. Extracellular fluid expansion with sodium chloride depresses water and sodium reabsorption as shown by the increase of tubular fluid and the diminution of UInul/PInul and TNa/GFR × PNa where TNa and GFR × PNa are respectively the amounts of sodium reabsorbed and filtered per min. It also decreases bicarbonate proximal Tm. The influence on bicarbonate reabsorption is more marked in alkali-loaded than in acid-loaded subjects. 4. Extracellular fluid expansion with iso-osmotic sodium bicarbonate also depresses water, sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption. These results suggest that chloride administration is not necessary to diminish bicarbonate reabsorption and that tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate depends in part on the state of effective extracellular volume.

scholarly journals Cryptococcus neoformansresist to drastic conditions by switching to viable but non-culturable cell phenotype

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Hommel ◽  
Aude Sturny-Leclère ◽  
Stevenn Volant ◽  
Nathanael Veluppillai ◽  
Magalie Duchateau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Culturable Cell ◽  
Acid Pathway ◽  
First Time

AbstractMetabolically quiescent pathogens can persist in a viable non-replicating state for months or even years. For certain infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, latent infection is a corollary of this dormant state, which has the risk for reactivation and clinical disease. During murine cryptococcosis and macrophage uptake, stress and host immunity induce C. neoformans heterogeneity with the generation of a sub-population of yeasts that manifests a phenotype compatible with dormancy (low stress response, latency of growth). In this subpopulation, mitochondrial transcriptional activity is regulated and this phenotype has been considered as a hallmark of quiescence in stem cells. Based on these findings, we worked to reproduce this phenotype in vitro and then standardize the experimental conditions to consistently generate this dormancy inCryptococcus neoformans.We found that incubation of stationary phase yeasts (STAT) in nutriment limited conditions and hypoxia for 8 days (8D-HYPOx) was able to produced cells that mimic the phenotype obtained in vivo. In these conditions, mortality and/or apoptosis occurred in less than 5% of the yeasts compared to 30-40% of apoptotic or dead yeasts upon incubation in normoxia (8D-NORMOx). Yeasts in 8D-HYPOx harbored a lower stress response, delayed growth and less that 1% of culturability on agar plates, suggesting that these yeasts are viable but non culturable cells (VBNC). These VBNC were able to reactivate in the presence of pantothenic acid, a vitamin that is known to be involved in quorum sensing and a precursor of acetyl-CoA. Global metabolism of 8D-HYPOx cells showed some specific requirements and was globally shut down compared to 8D-NORMOx and STAT conditions. Mitochondrial analyses showed that the mitochondrial masse increased with mitochondria mostly depolarized in 8D-HYPOx compared to 8D-NORMox, with increased expression of mitochondrial genes. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of 8D-HYPOx revealed that the number of secreted proteins and transcripts detected also decreased compared to 8D-NORMOx and STAT, and the proteome, secretome and transcriptome harbored specific profiles that are engaged as soon as four days of incubation. Importantly, acetyl-CoA and the fatty acid pathway involving mitochondria are required for the generation and viability maintenance of VBNC.All together, these data show that we were able to generate for the first time VBNC phenotype inCryptococcocus neoformans. This VBNC state is associated with a specific metabolism that should be further studied to understand dormancy/quiescence in this yeast.

Corrosion Rate of Steel in Fly Ash Concrete Containing Chlorides

2015 ◽  
Vol 1110 ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiji Miyata ◽  
Takao Ueda ◽  
Masayuki Tsukagoshi
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Suppression Effect ◽  
Fly Ash Concrete ◽  
Chloride Attack

In order to consider the durability of fly ash concrete against the chloride attack, quantitative evaluation of rebar corrosion rate in concrete is necessary. In this study, reinforced concrete specimens containing premixed chlorides were prepared, using concrete with cement or fine aggregate partly substituted by fly-ash. The corrosion rate of rebar embedded in the specimen was evaluated by measuring the polarization resistance which is an electrochemical corrosion index and one of the non-destructive techniques. As a result, the corrosion rate of rebar was greatly suppressed by admixing fly-ash at the environmental temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, while such suppression effect decreased with the rise of temperature to 40 degrees Celsius. The suppression effect was remarkable in the case of fly ash addition as the substitution of fine aggregate. Moreover, in the experimental conditions of this study, the influence of a variation of the chloride content in concrete on the corrosion rate of steel in concrete was not so significant. The influence of environmental temperature on the corrosion rate could be evaluated by an existing formula in the case of non-fly ash concrete, but the error became relatively high in the cases of fly ash concrete.

Optimisation de la croissance et de la sporulation de Conidiobolus obscurus en milieu défini

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Latgé ◽  
J. J. Sanglier
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Composite Designs

Physical and nutritional factors influencing the growth and sporulation of Conidiobolus obscurus (Hall et Dunn) Remaudière et Keller were studied using simple and fragmented factorial designs and centered composite designs. Culture conditions allowing maximum sporulation were a temperature of 20 °C, complete darkness, and a near neutral pH of around 6.5. Under our experimental conditions, dextrose influenced neither the growth nor the sporulation of C. obscurus. The cations stimulating the formation of azygospores were magnesium and to a lesser extent zinc and manganese. Sulphur must be added to the medium in a reduced or oxydized form. Phosphates must be present in the culture medium, but at a concentration less than 30 mM/L. Vitamins stimulating sporulation were thiamine, biotin, and folic acid while pantothenic acid favoured growth. Among the 20 amino acids tested, proline, leucine, methionine, glutamic and aspartic acids, glutamine, asparagine, histidine, phenylalanine, lysine, and arginine were the most favourable for growth and sporulation of C. obscurus. Growth and sporulation in the optimized defined medium containing 11 amino acids, four vitamins, four salts, and dextrose were comparable to the best results obtained in a nondefined medium composed of dextrose and yeast extract.

scholarly journals CHLORIDE RETENTION IN EXPERIMENTAL HYDRONEPHROSIS

1923 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman M. Keith ◽  
D. Schuyler Pulford
Keyword(s):  
Ureteral Obstruction ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Renal Lesions ◽  
Renal Functions ◽  
Equal Degree ◽  
Daily Excretion ◽  
Chloride Excretion ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Experimental Hydronephrosis

1. In acute experimental hydronephrosis chloride retention occurs as well as retention of water, urea, and phenolsulfonephthalein. 2. If both water and chlorides are retained there may be no appreciable rise in the plasma chloride content. 3. When chlorides are retained, but not water, the chloride content of the plasma rises strikingly. 4. After the removal of the ureteral obstruction in acute hydronephrosis all renal functions, water, urea, and chloride excretion, may be rapidly restored in equal degree, or the chlorides may be retained temporarily while there is free excretion of water and urea. 5. In chronic hydronephrosis adequate daily excretion of urea and chlorides may be maintained by a compensatory polyuria. 6. Chloride retention or an abnormal chloride excretion may occur in certain renal lesions when there is no change in the urea, phenolsulfonephthalein, or water excretion.

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