Effects of Aldosterone on Blood Pressure and Electrolyte Distribution in the Rat

1958 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney M. Friedman ◽  
Constance L. Friedman ◽  
Miyoshi Nakashima
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Sodium Transfer ◽  
Adrenalectomized Animal ◽  
Sodium Gradient ◽  
Inulin Space ◽  
Small Rise ◽  
Altered Blood

Aldosterone racemate, 20–40 µg, induced a small rise in blood pressure in the intact or nephrectomized rat following subcutaneous or intravenous but not intraperitoneal injection. It was effective in restoring the depressed pressure of the adrenalectomized animal towards normal within 60 minutes of intravenous administration. Extracellular fluid volume (inulin space) and extracellular Na were increased in the nephrectomized rat, but not in the nephrectomized-adrenalectomized animal during the restoration of blood pressure. Aldosterone racemate, 20 µg, also caused a characteristic increase in pressor sensitivity to Pitressin within 30 minutes of subcutaneous administration. Based on these findings and our previous studies, argument is presented to link the neurohypophysis and mineralocortex, both acting by different means in the same direction, with the control of sodium distribution between cells and environment. Vascular smooth muscle tonus is considered to be a function of the continuously regulated sodium gradient and thus of the sodium transfer systems. Plasma sodium changes in diverse states with altered blood pressure are considered to be evidence of attempts at compensation for an altered sodium gradient rather than as causal in themselves.

Cation Shifts and Blood Pressure Regulation in the Dog

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney M. Friedman ◽  
Robert M. Butt ◽  
Constance L. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Blood Pressure Regulation ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Sodium Transfer ◽  
Inulin Space ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Transfer Mechanisms

Dynamic transfers of sodium, potassium and water into and out of the extracellular space were studied in 13 dogs during induced changes in blood pressure. The inulin space, measured after a 2-hour equilibration period in the bilaterally nephrectomized animal, served as reference standard for the extracellular fluid. Infusions of norepinephrine, Pitressin and angiotonin were used as pressor, Isuprel and carbachol as depressor agents. In all instances, sodium, with variable amounts of water, moved out of the extracellular space during a rise in blood pressure and reversed during a fall. In general, potassium, in lesser bulk, moved inversely to sodium although it was more variable in degree and, in the case of angiotonin, did not change at all. These results accord with the theory that blood pressure regulation depends, inter alia, on the sodium transfer mechanisms.

Relation of saluretic and hypotensive effects of hydrochlorothiazide in the rat

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney M. Friedman ◽  
Miyoshi Nakashima ◽  
Constance L. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Inulin Space

Hydrochlorothiazide causes a marked loss of Na and of water in both fully alimented rats and in rats deprived of food and/or water. The increased urinary volume corresponds closely to the shrinkage of the extracellular fluid volume (inulin space) but the decrease in extracellular Na is not sufficient to account for the Na excretion, suggesting that Na is withdrawn from cells and perhaps bone stores as well. The fall in blood pressure in hypertensive rats is not due to simple shrinkage of the extracellular space and plasma volume, but can be referred to the rise in Na gradient induced by withdrawal of cell sodium.

Studies on the New Zealand Strain of Genetically Hypertensive Rats

1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (s1) ◽  
pp. 15s-21s
Author(s):  
F. O. Simpson ◽  
E. L. Phelan ◽  
D. W. J. Clark ◽  
D. R. Jones ◽  
C. R. Gresson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Pure Lines

1. The New Zealand strain of rats with genetic hypertension (GH rats), the Japanese strain with spontaneous hypertension and the salt-sensitive strain of Dahl are now well established as three genetically pure lines for use in hypertensive research. Other pure lines not consciously selected for high blood pressure have also recently been shown to exhibit hypertension. 2. In the GH rats the inheritance of the blood pressure appears to be polygenic; thus a simple causation of the hypertension appears unlikely. The inheritance is also complex in the other pure lines of hypertensive rats. 3. In the GH rats variation in intake of sodium from 0.05% to 1% of the solid diet does not affect the development of the hypertension. 4. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system does not appear to play a primary role in the initiation of the hypertension in the GH rats. Compared with normotensive rats of the parent colony, plasma and renal renin are decreased, total exchangeable and carcass sodium are decreased, as are also the plasma volume and total extracellular fluid volume. Plasma sodium is normal and plasma potassium increased. 5. There is no evidence of a primary abnormality of catecholamine storage or turnover. Prevention of the development of the sympathetic nervous system from birth does not entirely abolish the difference in blood pressure between GH rats and comparably treated normotensive rats. 6. The increased peripheral resistance in blood-perfused hind limbs and tails of GH rats is due both to increased neurogenic and myogenic components and to a structural element. Increased vascular reactivity to a variety of constrictor agents is readily demonstrated in saline-perfused preparations. 7. The different strains of hypertensive rats may in their diversity mirror the differences between the various forms of human essential hypertension.

scholarly journals Plasma sodium, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure in healthy men

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline J. J. O. N. Bosch ◽  
Niek R. Hessels ◽  
Folkert W. Visser ◽  
Jan A. Krikken ◽  
Stephan J. L. Bakker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Healthy Men

scholarly journals Positive and Negative Aspects of Sodium Intake in Dialysis and Non-Dialysis CKD Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 951
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Nagasawa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Sodium Restriction ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Volume Blood

Sodium intake theoretically has dual effects on both non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and dialysis patients. One negatively affects mortality by increasing proteinuria and blood pressure. The other positively affects mortality by ameliorating nutritional status through appetite induced by salt intake and the amount of food itself, which is proportional to the amount of salt under the same salty taste. Sodium restriction with enough water intake easily causes hyponatremia in CKD and dialysis patients. Moreover, the balance of these dual effects in dialysis patients is likely different from their balance in non-dialysis CKD patients because dialysis patients lose kidney function. Sodium intake is strongly related to water intake via the thirst center. Therefore, sodium intake is strongly related to extracellular fluid volume, blood pressure, appetite, nutritional status, and mortality. To decrease mortality in both non-dialysis and dialysis CKD patients, sodium restriction is an essential and important factor that can be changed by the patients themselves. However, under sodium restriction, it is important to maintain the balance of negative and positive effects from sodium intake not only in dialysis and non-dialysis CKD patients but also in the general population.

Na+, K+ and water balance in young spontaneously hypertensive rats: relationship to blood pressure after high K+ treatment

1987 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Louise Sugden ◽  
Barbara L. Bean ◽  
James A. Straw
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
High K ◽  
Sufficient Magnitude

1. These studies were designed to investigate the effects of high dietary K+ on electrolyte and water balance in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and to relate these effects to changes in blood pressure. 2. The high K+ diet reduced blood pressure by approximately 10 mmHg during the development of hypertension. Blood pressure, however, plateaued at the same maximum level as control by age 13 weeks. 3. Rats fed the high K+ diet showed a significant increase in water intake and urine volume throughout the treatment period but no change in plasma volume or extracellular fluid volume occurred. 4. A slight natriuresis was also observed in rats on the high K+ diet, but this was not of sufficient magnitude to decrease total body Na+. 5. These results confirm previous findings that K+ causes a diuresis and a natriuresis, but demonstrate that the diuretic action of K+ cannot explain its antihypertensive properties in young SHR.

High urate concentration is associated with elevated blood pressure in schoolchildren

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1207-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiza Naujorks Reis ◽  
Cézane Priscila Reuter ◽  
Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner ◽  
Leandro Tibiriçá Burgos ◽  
Silvia Isabel Rech Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Borderline Hypertension ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Altered Blood

Abstract Background Studies in adults have shown a relationship between high blood pressure and hyperuricemia, but few studies have investigated this association in children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to associate urate concentration with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in schoolchildren. Methods This cross-sectional study used a sample of 2335 schoolchildren in basic education between 7 and 17 years old. Blood pressure was classified by percentile according to Brazilian parameters for sex and age, reclassified into two categories: normal and borderline/hypertension. Blood collection to obtain serum for urate concentration analysis was performed after a 12-h fast. Values above 5.5 mg/dL were considered hyperuricemia. Descriptive data were presented in frequency and percentage. Linear regression and Poisson regression (prevalence ratio [PR]) was used to test the association between urate concentration and blood pressure. Results Urate concentration was weakly associated with SBP (β: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02–0.08) and DBP (β: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.05) z-scores. Schoolchildren with hyperuricemia had a higher prevalence of high SBP (PR: 1.12; p<0.001) and DBP (PR: 1.08; p<0.001). Conclusions Elevated urate concentration is associated with altered blood pressure in schoolchildren.

scholarly journals Altered blood pressure during sleep in normotensive subjects with type I diabetes.

Hypertension ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lurbe ◽  
J Redón ◽  
J M Pascual ◽  
J Tacons ◽  
V Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Altered Blood

scholarly journals Hubungan kadar natrium dengan tekanan darah pada remaja di Kecamatan Bolangitang Barat Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Utara

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rivanli Polii ◽  
Joice N.A. Engka ◽  
Ivonny M. Sapulete
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Purposive Sampling

Abstract: Sodium is an extracellular fluid cation which is the highest in amount, 35-40% sodium (Na) is found in the body skeleton. The function of sodium is the regulation of fluid volume, the regulation of fluid balance, the regulation of osmolarity, and the regulation of blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force that is needed to keep the blood flowing inside the blood vessel and circulates to reach all the tissues in human body. Blood pressure consists of two components, the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. According to the study conducted by Riset Kesehatan Dasar on 2007, it was found that the Natuna Islands (coastal areas) has the highest prevalence of hypertension, which is 53,3%, while the highlands of Jayawijaya has the lowest prevalence of hypertension, which is 6,8%. The North Bolaang Mongondow regency, especially West Bolangitang district is an area which is conditioned around the coastal areas. Adolescents, according to WHO, are those aged 12-24 years old. This was an analytical descriptive research is conducted with a cross sectional study design. Afterward, the collected datas are processed using the help of SPSS software. The population is all of the students in SMAN 1 Bolangitang Barat, North Bolaang Mongondow regency and the samples were collected with purposive sampling technique. The results showed that the number of respondents who follow the research were 60 students, consisting 16 boy and 44 girl by spearman’s correlation statistical test.This study shows no correlation between the levels of sodium and blood pressure on adolescents in West Bolangitang district North Bolaang Mongondow regency. Conclusion: there is no correlation between the levels of sodium and blood pressure on adolescents in West Bolangitang district, North Bolaang Mongondow regency. Keywords: sodium, blood pressure, adolescent Abstrak: Natrium ialah kation terbanyak dalam cairan ekstrasel , 35-40% natrium (Na) ada didalam kerangka tubuh. Fungsi natrium untuk mengatur volume cairan, mengatur keseimbangan cairan, mengatur osmolaritas, dan mengatur tekanan darah. Tekanan darah adalah kekuatan yang diperlukan agar darah dapat mengalir di dalam pembuluh darah dan beredar mencapai semua jaringan tubuh manusia. Tekanan darah terdiri atas 2 bagian tekanan sistolik dan tekanan diastolik. Berdasarkan data yang dilakukan Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2007 didapatakan bahwa prevalensi hipertensi tertinggi di Kepulauan Natuna (wilayah pantai) sebanyak 53,3 % sedangkan prevalensi hipertensi terendah di pegunungan jayawijaya sebanyak 6,8%. Kabupaten Bolaang mongondow utara khususnya Kecamatan Bolangitang Barat merupakan suatu wilayah yang terletak disekitaran pesisir pantai, Remaja menurut WHO adalah mereka yang berumur 12-24 tahun. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Data diolah dengan menggunakan program SPSS. Populasi ialah semua siswa/i SMAN 1 Bolangitang Barat Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Utara dan sampel diambil dengan cara purposive sampling. Hasil uji korelasi Spearman menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan antara kadar natrium dengan tekanan darah pada remaja di Kecamatan Bolangitang Barat Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Utara. Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara kadar natrium dengan tekanan darah pada remaja di Kecamatan Bolangitang Barat Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Utara.Kata kunci: natrium, tekanan darah, remaja

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