Effects of whole-body x-irradiation on electroshock seizure responses in developing rats

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Vernadakis ◽  
Paola S. Timiras
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Limb Flexion ◽  
The Brain

Electroshock seizure responses were studied in control and irradiated rats between 8 and 55 days of age. Experimental animals were exposed to 500 r whole-body X-irradiation 2 days postnatally. In maturing rats seizure patterns produced by brain stimulation with 50 ma current appear in sequence: hyperkinesia, clonus, forelimb flexion, forelimb extension followed by hind limb flexion, and hind limb flexion followed by hind limb extension. In irradiated rats full flexor-extensor seizure pattern appeared in 50% of animals at 13 days of age, 3 days earlier than in controls. Extension was longer and flexion, clonus, and total seizure were shorter in irradiated than in controls. In both groups durations of clonus and total seizure were related inversely to durations of extension. Duration of flexion decreased and duration of extension increased up to 22nd day of age in all animals. This indicates increased neuronal activity as the brain matures. Also thresholds for minimal electroshock convulsions decreased up to 22nd day of age, further indicating increased brain activity with maturation. Thresholds were significantly lower in irradiated rats than in controls.

Dance in the Body, the Mind, and the Brain

2017 ◽  
pp. 40-56
Author(s):  
Bettina Bläsing
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Dance Training ◽  
Positive Feelings ◽  
Social Communicative ◽  
The Brain

This chapter is based on the view that dancing can promote positive feelings and energy. Even watching others dancing—on stage, in a movie, or in a club—can improve feelings of wellbeing. With reference to relevant literature, it explores how the brain links action with perception, and how technical challenges are resolved in investigating brain activity in dance observers. Early studies using neuroimaging techniques are discussed, and comparisons are drawn with recent studies in neuroaesthetics. Findings from these studies suggest that brain scientists can learn from dancers and dance spectators about action–perception coupling and the integration of movement, cognition, and emotion. Conclusions are drawn regarding how dancing, and dance viewing, stimulates the parts of our brains that are involved in whole-body motor action as well as social, communicative, and creative tasks, and can elicit positive emotional reactions, contributing to wellbeing. Implications are discussed for choreography, dance training, education, and rehabilitation.

Effect of Two Graded Doses of Whole-Body X-Irradiation and Radioprotection by the Use of S-Phenethyl Formamidino 4 (N-Ethyl Isothioamide) Morpholine Dihydrochloride

1983 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Chaturvedi ◽  
S. N. Pandeya ◽  
S. S. Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Brain

The protection offered by a newly synthesized compound (S-phenethyl-formamidino-4(N-ethyl isothioamide) morpholine dihydrochloride) against radiation effects on DNA, RNA and protein biosynthetic processes in the brain, and on metabolites of 5-HT and nor-adrenalin, i.e., 5-HIAA and VMA, in the urine, including the radiobiological damage to thyroid and testes, was evaluated. The use of the compound prior to irradiation prevented radiation-induced changes in the thyroid and testes. The radiation-induced alterations in the pattern of DNA, RNA, protein in the brain, and in 5-HIAA and VMA in urine could be averted by treatment with this compound prior to each dose of X-irradiation.

scholarly journals Impact of Brain Fatty Acid Signaling on Peripheral Insulin Action in Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (01) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
Susanne Neschen ◽  
Moya Wu ◽  
Christiane Fuchs ◽  
Ivan Kondofersky ◽  
Fabian J. Theis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Insulin Action ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Aims and Methods Glucose homeostasis and energy balance are under control by peripheral and brain processes. Especially insulin signaling in the brain seems to impact whole body glucose homeostasis and interacts with fatty acid signaling. In humans circulating saturated fatty acids are negatively associated with brain insulin action while animal studies suggest both positive and negative interactions of fatty acids and insulin brain action. This apparent discrepancy might reflect a difference between acute and chronic fatty acid signaling. To address this question we investigated the acute effect of an intracerebroventricular palmitic acid administration on peripheral glucose homeostasis. We developed and implemented a method for simultaneous monitoring of brain activity and peripheral insulin action in freely moving mice by combining radiotelemetry electrocorticography (ECoG) and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps. This method allowed gaining insight in the early kinetics of brain fatty acid signaling and its contemporaneous effect on liver function in vivo, which, to our knowledge, has not been assessed so far in mice. Results Insulin-induced brain activity in the theta and beta band was decreased by acute intracerebroventricular application of palmitic acid. Peripherally it amplified insulin action as demonstrated by a significant inhibition of endogenous glucose production and increased glucose infusion rate. Moreover, our results further revealed that the brain effect of peripheral insulin is modulated by palmitic acid load in the brain. Conclusion These findings suggest that insulin action is amplified in the periphery and attenuated in the brain by acute palmitic acid application. Thus, our results indicate that acute palmitic acid signaling in the brain may be different from chronic effects.

scholarly journals Optimal closed-loop deep brain stimulation using multiple independently controlled contacts

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. e1009281
Author(s):  
Gihan Weerasinghe ◽  
Benoit Duchet ◽  
Christian Bick ◽  
Rafal Bogacz
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Neural Populations ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Analytical Expressions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Coordinated Reset ◽  
Deep Brain

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment option for a variety of neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor. The symptoms of these disorders are known to be associated with pathological synchronous neural activity in the basal ganglia and thalamus. It is hypothesised that DBS acts to desynchronise this activity, leading to an overall reduction in symptoms. Electrodes with multiple independently controllable contacts are a recent development in DBS technology which have the potential to target one or more pathological regions with greater precision, reducing side effects and potentially increasing both the efficacy and efficiency of the treatment. The increased complexity of these systems, however, motivates the need to understand the effects of DBS when applied to multiple regions or neural populations within the brain. On the basis of a theoretical model, our paper addresses the question of how to best apply DBS to multiple neural populations to maximally desynchronise brain activity. Central to this are analytical expressions, which we derive, that predict how the symptom severity should change when stimulation is applied. Using these expressions, we construct a closed-loop DBS strategy describing how stimulation should be delivered to individual contacts using the phases and amplitudes of feedback signals. We simulate our method and compare it against two others found in the literature: coordinated reset and phase-locked stimulation. We also investigate the conditions for which our strategy is expected to yield the most benefit.

Brain Stimulation and Identity

2021 ◽  
pp. 211-220
Author(s):  
Jonathan Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Precise Tool ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Invasive Neurostimulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

This chapter reflects on the impact of brain stimulation on identity. Following substantial advances in our understanding of the brain, surgeons and neuroscientists have been able to develop powerful new medical interventions that aim to treat disease by modifying electrical activity in the brain. At present, Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is the most precise tool that we have at our disposal in this regard; it can target a cubic millimeter of brain tissue. In terms of precision, it stands in stark contrast to drugs that influence brain activity by affecting neurotransmitters across the brain. However, despite its precision, in some rare cases, DBS can have unintended side-effects, including behavioural and emotional changes. The possibility of controlling motivational and emotional states has intrigued scientists since the earliest days of invasive neurostimulation. This prospect raises profound ethical questions, regardless of whether such changes are intentional or an unintended side-effect of treatment. To what extent does it make sense to say that a medical intervention like DBS can change the recipient into “a different person”? The chapter then turns to concepts in moral philosophy, considering the nature of identity and the self.

scholarly journals Cortical neurodynamics changes mediate the efficacy of a personalized neuromodulation against multiple sclerosis fatigue

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camillo Porcaro ◽  
Carlo Cottone ◽  
Andrea Cancelli ◽  
Paolo M. Rossini ◽  
Giancarlo Zito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Electric Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sensorimotor Network ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe people with multiple sclerosis (MS) often report that fatigue restricts their life. Nowadays, pharmacological treatments are poorly effective accompanied by relevant side effects. A 5-day transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the somatosensory representation of the whole body (S1) delivered through an electrode personalized based on the brain MRI was efficacious against MS fatigue (FaReMuS treatment). This proof of principle study tested whether possible changes of the functional organization of the primary sensorimotor network induced by FaReMuS partly explained the effected fatigue amelioration. We measured the brain activity at rest through electroencephalography equipped with a Functional Source Separation algorithm and we assessed the neurodynamics state of the primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices via the Fractal Dimension and their functional connectivity via the Mutual Information. The dynamics of the neuronal electric activity, more distorted in S1 than M1 before treatment, as well as the network connectivity, altered maximally between left and right M1 homologs, reverted to normal after FaReMuS. The intervention-related changes explained 48% of variance of fatigue reduction in the regression model. A personalized neuromodulation tuned in on specific anatomo-functional features of the impaired regions can be effective against fatigue.

scholarly journals Deep brain stimulation for obesity: past, present, and future targets

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. E7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derrick A. Dupré ◽  
Nestor Tomycz ◽  
Michael Y. OH ◽  
Donald Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Energy Equation ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deep Brain

The authors review the history of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients for treating obesity, describe current DBS targets in the brain, and discuss potential DBS targets and nontraditional stimulation parameters that may improve the effectiveness of DBS for ameliorating obesity. Deep brain stimulation for treating obesity has been performed both in animals and in humans with intriguing preliminary results. The brain is an attractive target for addressing obesity because modulating brain activity may permit influencing both sides of the energy equation—caloric intake and energy expenditure.

Observation of neuronal activity using real-time voltage-sensitive dye imaging

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 476-477
Author(s):  
John S. Kauer ◽  
Angel Cinelli ◽  
David Wellis ◽  
Joel White
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Optical Recording ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Prepyriform Cortex

Sensory systems are confronted with the problem of taking “information” in the outside world and encoding and manipulating it in forms that can be used in the neuronal world. A major challenge is to document how the transition between these worlds takes place (transduction) and, once it has taken place, how the data are manipulated by neural circuits (integration). Since the brain is an intrinsically parallel device, carrying out many functions simultaneously, it would appear as important to record brain activity in a similarly parallel manner as to record events in single cells and membranes. Optical recording of neuronal events offers a first step toward thing to observe events that are distributed among the cells and processes of a neuronal network.In the sense of smell odors appear to be encoded by activity distributed across many neurons at each level of the system studied so far, from the sensory cells in the nose to the pyramidal cells in prepyriform cortex (for review see). Thus, to elucidate how the molecular properties of odorants are represented by neurons it is probably necessary to observe the patterns of distributed activation. The distribution of activity across many neuronal elements, in contrast to representing odor molecules by dedicated “labelled lines”, confers redundancy and fault tolerance on a system that is crucial for complex behaviors that underly survival for many animals species, as well as providing flexibility for being sensitive to large numbers of compounds.

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