Time course of effects of preloads high in fat or carbohydrate on food intake and hunger ratings in humans

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (4) ◽  
pp. R756-R763 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Rolls ◽  
S. Kim ◽  
A. L. McNelis ◽  
M. W. Fischman ◽  
R. W. Foltin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Delay Condition ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Self Selection

A high-carbohydrate (CHO) yogurt (81% CHO) and a high-fat yogurt (65% fat), containing similar levels of protein, were given in equal volumes as preloads to 14 normal-weight, nondieting males and 14 normal-weight, nondieting females. The yogurts were formulated to have similar energy densities and sensory properties, so that differences in responses to the preloads would depend on postingestive physiological effects. Three intervals (30, 90, and 180 min) between the preloads and a self-selection meal consisting of a variety of foods were utilized. The self-selection meal was served at the subject's normal lunchtime under all conditions. In the 30-min-delay condition, subjects accurately compensated for the calories in the preloads compared with a no-preload condition, but as the interval increased, compensation was less precise. No significant differences in subsequent food intake were found between the high-CHO and high-fat yogurts at any time interval. Also, there were no differences in ratings of hunger and fullness between the yogurts. The macronutrient composition of the preloads did not affect the types of foods, or macronutrients, consumed at lunch.

scholarly journals Investigation of an Alternative Collection Method for Food Intake Biomarkers Discriminates a High Fat-High Protein Meat-Based Diet from a High Carbohydrate Vegan Diet

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1176-1176
Author(s):  
Megan McNairn ◽  
Kayla Dillard ◽  
Hannah Heath ◽  
Matthew Pantaleon ◽  
Rob Fanter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Vegan Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate

Abstract Objectives Due to the challenges associated with accurate monitoring of dietary intake in humans, the use of food intake biomarker (FIB) analysis as a complement to dietary questionnaires has been explored. However, numerous limitations exist including the requirement of 24-hour urine collection, currently the best method of FIB assessment. As a potentially more convenient and accurate means of monitoring dietary intake, we explored the utility of postprandial dried blood spot (DBS) collection. The hypothesis of this study was that metabolic profiles in both DBS and urine under controlled feeding conditions would similarly reflect differences in diets of varying food type and macronutrient distribution. Methods This was a randomized controlled trial with a crossover design including healthy volunteers (n = 8) from the San Luis Obispo, CA. The standardized isocaloric diet interventions included a high fat, high protein meat diet (HFPM) versus a high carbohydrate vegan (HCV) diet. Participants attended two intervention days, separated by a two-week washout. During each intervention day, a finger-prick blood sample was collected one hour before each meal (at 8 am, 12 pm, and 4 pm). Participants also collected their urine for 24-hours. DBS and urine samples were analyzed by LC-MS in order to identify diet-discriminatory biomarkers. Results Both the DBS and urine sample analysis identified biomarkers that differentiated the HFPM and HCV diets (P < 0.05). Most notably, in both the DBS and urine, post-HFPM consumption had higher levels of amino acids and creatine while the HCV diet was associated with elevated sorbitol and hippuric acid (P < 0.05). Unique to DBS, the HFPM diet had higher ketone bodies and triacylglycerols with <54 total carbons while post-HCV diets had higher levels of triacylglycerols with ≥54 total carbons (P < 0.05). Exclusive to urine sample metabolite changes, post-HFPM had elevated cis-trans hydroxyproline and several nucleoside mono- and di-phosphates (P < 0.05). Conclusions DBS and urine collections were similarly capable of differentiating the diets consumed in this study. The potential use of DBS as a more efficient method of FIB identification deserves further investigation. Funding Sources Cal Poly CAFES SURP and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition.

Chronic ingestion of dietary fat is a prerequisite for inhibition of feeding by enterostatin

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (2) ◽  
pp. R619-R623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Lin ◽  
David A. York
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Neurochemical Change ◽  
Chronic Ingestion ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fasted Rats

Enterostatin (Ent), the activation pentapeptide from procolipase, inhibits the intake of dietary fat. The selectivity of the response to fat suggests that the rat must recognize a permissive signal related to dietary fat for the Ent biological response. To investigate the nature of this signal, we studied the effects of Ent in rats that were adapted to either a high-fat (HF) or high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC) diet and then naively exposed to either HF or HC diets. Ent (1 nmol) was injected into the lateral ventricle of overnight-fasted rats, and food intake was measured. Rats adapted to HF diet and tested with HC diet responded to Ent, but rats adapted to HC diet and tested with HF did not respond to Ent. The groups were maintained on their new test diets for up to 21 days and tested again for their response to Ent at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Ent response did not appear in HC-adapted rats switched to HF diet before 21 days. Conversely, the HF-adapted rats, which responded to Ent when tested with HC diet for the first time, did not respond at any subsequent testing time. The data suggest that chronic ingestion of dietary fat is required for Ent action and that chronic consumption of fat initiates a postingestion metabolic, endocrine, or neurochemical change that is required for the biological response to Ent.

scholarly journals Three consecutive weeks of nutritional ketosis has no effect on cognitive function, sleep, and mood compared with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy individuals: a randomized, crossover, controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Iacovides ◽  
David Goble ◽  
Bronwyn Paterson ◽  
Rebecca M Meiring
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Cohen’S D ◽  
Cohen's D

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) has become an increasingly popular diet not only in overweight/obese populations, or those with clinical conditions, but also in healthy non-overweight populations.ObjectiveBecause there are concerns about the association between high-fat diets and cognitive decline, this study aimed to determine the effects of a KD compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) diet on cognitive function, sleep, and mood in healthy, normal-weight individuals.MethodsEleven healthy, normal-weight participants (mean age: 30 ± 9 y) completed this randomized, controlled, crossover study. Participants followed 2 isocaloric diets—an HCLF diet (55% carbohydrate, 20% fat, and 25% protein) and a KD (15% carbohydrate, 60% fat, and 25% protein)—in a randomized order for a minimum of 3 wk, with a 1-wk washout period between diets. Measures of β-hydroxybutyrate confirmed that all participants were in a state of nutritional ketosis during post-KD assessments (baseline: 0.2 ± 0.2 mmol/L; KD: 1.0 ± 0.5 mmol/L; washout: 0.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L; and HCLF: 0.3 ± 0.2 mmol/L). Cognitive function was assessed using a validated, psychological computer-based test battery before and after each diet. Subjective measures of mood and sleep were also monitored throughout the study using validated scales.ResultsThree weeks of sustained nutritional ketosis, compared with the HCLF diet, had no effect on speed and accuracy responses in tasks designed to measure vigilance (speed: P = 0.39, Cohen's d = 0.26; accuracy: P = 0.99, Cohen's d = 0.04), visual learning and memory (speed: P = 0.99, Cohen's d = 0.04; accuracy: P = 0.99, Cohen's d = 0.03), working memory (speed: P = 0.62, Cohen's d = 0.26; accuracy: P = 0.98, Cohen's d = 0.07), and executive function (speed: P = 0.60, Cohen's d = 0.31; accuracy: P = 0.90, Cohen's d = 0.19). Likewise, mood, sleep quality, and morning vigilance did not differ (P > 0.05) between the dietary interventions.ConclusionThe results of our randomized, crossover, controlled study suggest that 3 wk of sustained nutritional ketosis had no effect on cognitive performance, mood, or subjective sleep quality in a sample of healthy individuals. This trial was registered in the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry as PACTR201707002406306.

THE EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL STATE ON ABILITY OF THE RAT TO SWIM TO EXHAUSTION

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton ◽  
V. Feleki
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Swimming Exercise ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
High Fat ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Ad Libitum

Following 9 days' provision of a high-protein (HPD), high-fat (HFD), or high-carbohydrate (HCD) diet (isocaloric), rats were made to swim to exhaustion in water at a temperature of 25–26 °C. Lead weight was strapped to the base of the tail at a level of 6% of body weight to increase the work load and decrease the exhaustion time. Under both ad libitum and restricted feeding conditions, animals fed the HPD had the longest exhaustion time, there being no apparent difference between exhaustion times of animals fed the HFD or HCD. Restriction of food intake increased the time to exhaustion. Provision of a meal just before swimming exercise decreased the time to exhaustion. Daily swimming for 15 minutes (training) prior to the test increased and decreased exhaustion time in HCD- and HPD-fed rats respectively with no significant effect on exhaustion time of HFD-fed rats.

scholarly journals The influence of novel GPR119 agonist on body weight, food intake and glucose metabolism in obesity rats provoked high-fat and -carbohydrate diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Nikolaevich Tiurenkov ◽  
Denis Vladimirovich Kurkin ◽  
Dmitry Aleksandrovich Bakulin ◽  
Elena Vladimirovna Volotova ◽  
Mikhail Ayratovich Chafeev
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Gpr119 Agonist

The search for new drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity remains an urgent problem. Drugs with influence on incretin system are widely used in the treatment of T2DM and obesity, since in addition to the hypoglycemic action of their inherent hypophagic effects. With the discovery of GPR119 receptor, there is the opportunity to pharmacological stimulation of endogenous secretion of incretins. Compound ZB-16 is active GPR119 agonist with IC50=7 nM. Its activation leads to increased secretion of the major incretins (GLP-1 and GIP), which are able to influence glucose metabolism and feeding behavior.Aims — to study the effect of GPR 119 receptor agonist compounds ZB-16 on blood glucose, body weight and food intake in rats with obesity.Material and methods.Male rats with initial weight 390—400 g were fed with high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. During the next four weeks the animals orally received ZB-16 (1 mg/kg) and metformin (400 mg/kg) and then we assessed the level of water and food consumption, blood glucose levels, and performed oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).Results.Compound ZB-16 and metformin reduced fasting blood glucose levels and weight of experimental animals, while the control rats gained weight. GPR119 agonist is more pronounced than metformin reduced the area under the curve «glucose of concentration—time» during the OGTT.Conclusions.Novel GPR119 agonist — ZB-16 is comparable to metformin in hypoglycemic and anorexigenic effect in animals with obesity caused high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet.

scholarly journals The Differences in Postprandial Serum Concentrations of Peptides That Regulate Satiety/Hunger and Metabolism after Various Meal Intake, in Men with Normal vs. Excessive BMI

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Adamska-Patruno ◽  
Lucyna Ostrowska ◽  
Joanna Goscik ◽  
Joanna Fiedorczuk ◽  
Monika Moroz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Obese People ◽  
High Carbohydrate ◽  
Meal Intake ◽  
Total Ghrelin ◽  
Normal Body Weight ◽  
Challenge Tests

The energy balance regulation may differ in lean and obese people. The purposes of our study were to evaluate the hormonal response to meals with varying macronutrient content, and the differences depending on body weight. Methods. The crossover study included 46 men, 21–58 years old, normal-weight and overweight/obese. Every subject participated in two meal-challenge-tests with high-carbohydrate (HC), and normo-carbohydrate (NC) or high-fat (HF) meals. Fasting and postprandial blood was collected for a further 240 min, to determine adiponectin, leptin and total ghrelin concentrations. Results. In normal-weight individuals after HC-meal we observed at 60min higher adiponectin concentrations (12,554 ± 1531 vs. 8691 ± 1070 ng/mL, p = 0.01) and significantly (p < 0.05) lower total ghrelin concentrations during the first 120 min, than after HF-meal intake. Fasting and postprandial leptin levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in overweigh/obese men. Leptin concentrations in normal-weight men were higher (2.72 ± 0.8 vs. 1.56 ± 0.4 ng/mL, p = 0.01) 180 min after HC-meal than after NC-meal intake. Conclusions. Our results suggest that in normal-body weight men we can expect more beneficial leptin, adiponectin, and total ghrelin response after HC-meal intake, whereas, in overweight/obese men, the HC-meal intake may exacerbate the feeling of hunger, and satiety may be induced more by meals with lower carbohydrate content.

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