Steroid pyrogen studies in laboratory and domestic animals

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Palmer ◽  
Bela Ratkovits ◽  
Attallah Kappas
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Steroid Metabolite

The 5β-H steroid hormone metabolites, etiocholanolone (3α-hydroxyetiocholan-17-one), pregnanolone (3α-hydroxypregnan-20-one) and 11-ketopregnanolone (3-hydroxypregnan-11, 20-dione) were administered by intramuscular, intravenous and intrathecal injection in doses of 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight to various species of animals including cats, dogs, rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys, sheep, steers, burros and pigs in order to determine whether these species were susceptible to the pyrogenic action of steroids. In addition, certain animals received injections of the 5-H steroid metabolite, androsterone (3α-hydroxyandrostan-17-one). None of these animals developed pyrogenic responses to these steroid hormone transformation products indicating that the fever-producing action of 5β-H steroid metabolites previously noted in human beings is apparently a form of biological activity which is highly species specific. Submitted on November 16, 1960

scholarly journals NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES TO STREPTOCOCCAL DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDASE IN THE SERUM OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND HUMAN BEINGS

1958 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Kellner ◽  
Elizabeth B. Freeman ◽  
Arthur S. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Streptococcal Infections ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Streptolysin O ◽  
Very High

Specific neutralizing antibodies directed against streptococcal DPNase were induced experimentally in rabbits and guinea pigs by the injection of partially purified preparations of the enzyme. Similar antibodies capable of inhibiting the biological activity of the enzyme were found to occur naturally in the serum of a very high percentage of human beings, and the titer of these antibodies often rose sharply following streptococcal infections. The antibody response to streptococcal DPNase in general paralleled that to streptolysin O, though in some instances antibodies to one increased when those to the other did not.

CHEMISTRY OF GONADOTROPHINS IN RELATION TO THEIR ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S13-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Neuraminic Acid ◽  
Fixation Technique ◽  
Immunological Activity ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Specific Antisera ◽  
Structural Differences

ABSTRACT Several chemical differences between FSH, LH and HCG have been reported: thus LH and HCG are richer in proline than FSH and FSH and HCG contain more N-acetyl neuraminic acid than LH. Sub-units of LH are formed by treatment with urea, guanidine or acid. HCG also may contain two sub-units. The sub-units from LH are biologically inert but retain their immunological activity: biological activity is restored when the sub-units are incubated together. There is much evidence from chemical and enzymic reactions that antigenic groups are distinct from those parts of the molecule essential for biological activity. N-acetyl neuraminic acid and probably other carbohydrates in FSH and HCG are not involved in immunological activity but are necessary for biological activity. Histidine, methionine and possibly cysteine appear to be essential for biological but not immunological activity of FSH, while tryptophan and possibly tyrosine are not essential for either. A few highly specific antisera to gonadotrophins have been prepared in rabbits and guinea pigs to crude antigens: there is no evidence that purified antigens are more likely to produce specific antisera. Differences in the immunological reactivities of urinary compared with pituitary gonadotrophins have been observed both by radioimmunoassay and by the complement fixation technique. The latter may be particularly useful for detecting structural differences in the hormones.

scholarly journals Chasing the genes that control resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Behnke ◽  
F. Iraqi ◽  
D. Menge ◽  
R.L. Baker ◽  
J. Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Mhc Genes

AbstractThe host-protective immune response to infection with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes involves a range of interacting processes that begin with recognition of the parasite's antigens and culminate in an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal mucosa. Precisely which immune effectors are responsible for the loss of specific worms is still not known although many candidate effectors have been proposed. However, it is now clear that many different genes regulate the response and that differences between hosts (fast or strong versus slow or weak responses) can be explained by allelic variation in crucial genes associated with the gene cascade that accompanies the immune response and/or genes encoding constitutively expressed receptor/signalling molecules. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes have been recognized for some time as decisive in controlling immunity, and evidence that non-MHC genes are equally, if not more important in this respect has also been available for two decades. Nevertheless, whilst the former have been mapped in mice, only two candidate loci have been proposed for non-MHC genes and relatively little is known about their roles. Now, with the availability of microsatellite markers, it is possible to exploit linkage mapping techniques to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for resistance to GI nematodes. Four QTL for resistance to Heligmosomoides polygyrus, and additional QTL affecting faecal egg production by the worms and the accompanying immune responses, have been identified. Fine mapping and eventually the identification of the genes (and their alleles) underlying QTL for resistance/susceptibility will permit informed searches for homologues in domestic animals, and human beings, through comparative genomic maps. This information in turn will facilitate targeted breeding to improve resistance in domestic animals and, in human beings, focused application of treatment and control strategies for GI nematodes.

Beastness is Our Culture / Le legs de McLuhan aux Études Animales

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jaclin
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Media Ecology ◽  
Human World ◽  
Theoretical Apparatus

Shaping a human world is generally understood from an inorganic point of view. Sand becomes microchips while stones are turned into homes, projectiles or writing surfaces. In this article, I suggest broadening these conceptions and looking at the shaping of our world from an organic point of view, with an emphasis on communities composed of humans and their other ancestrally modified companions: “domestic” animals. Using a media ecology-oriented theoretical apparatus, I discuss McLuhan’s legacies from an Animal Studies perspective. Although his work mostly applied to press, TV or radio, can we actualize it to reconsider the existences of some biotechnologically altered organisms? Can over-productive cows, landscaped dogs, estrogenized tigers, spider goats and other reformed guinea pigs be thought of as ever-evolving media?Le façonnement du monde humain est généralement associé à la mise en forme de l’inorganique et aux possibilités technologiques qui en découlent. C’est ainsi que le sable peut être transformé en microprocesseurs ou devenir verre tandis que la pierre peut éventuellement servir à la construction d’abris ou de projectiles. Dans cet article, je suggère d’élargir certaines de ces conceptions anthropogéniques, ainsi qu’une partie de la théorie médiatique, à l’organique et à la manipulation animale. Je propose ainsi de repenser la frange mutante de notre bestiaire moderne (chèvres-araignées, tigres oestrogénéisés, condors GPS,) comme autant de media en constante évolution. Depuis la perspective des Études animales, je reviens sur l’héritage de McLuhan et sur l’écologie médiatique qui s’en inspire. Car, même si son travail s’intéresse principalement aux médias, à la presse, à la télévision ou encore à la radio, en actualiser style et principes jette une lumière nouvelle sur l’existence biotechnologiquement modifiée d’une partie du vivant.

The effects of furosemide and bumetanide on lung liquid production by in vitro lungs from fetal guinea pigs

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1131-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Thom ◽  
A. M. Perks
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Loop Diuretics ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Blue Dextran ◽  
Lung Fluid ◽  
Lung Liquid ◽  
Secretion Rates

Lungs from fetal guinea pigs of 61 ± 3 days of gestation were supported in vitro for 3 h, and lung liquid secretion rates were measured by a dye dilution technique based on Blue Dextran 2000. Ten preparations that had received no treatment showed an average secretion rate of 1.12 ± 0.28 mL∙kg−1 body weight∙h−1 during the first hour, and there were no significant changes over the following 2 h. In studies of 54 fetal lungs, furosemide, bumetanide, control ethanol carrier, or saline alone were placed in the supporting medium during the middle hour of the 3-h incubations (ABA design). Furosemide at 10−3 M reduced secretion 83.4 ± 16.8%; at 10−4 and 10−5 M it produced smaller reductions. Bumetanide at 10−3 M usually produced reabsorption (129.9 ± 23.0% reduction), at 10−4 M it reduced secretion 30.9 ± 11.8%, but at 10−5 M it was ineffective. Control carrier and saline were without effect. The ability of the loop diuretics to produce reabsorption of fluid in some preparations suggests the unmasking of an active reabsorptive process. The results also suggest that lung liquid secretion in the fetal guinea pig, as in the sheep, is dependent on a Na+ and Cl− cotransport system.Key words: fetus, lung fluid, bumetanide, furosemide.

ANDROGENS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN THE SPERMATIC VEIN BLOOD OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

1961 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. LINDNER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Spermatic Vein ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Related Compounds

SUMMARY Testosterone, androstenedione and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were identified as secretory products of the bull testis by concurrent analyses of the arterial and spermatic vein blood. The testes of prepuberal calves aged 3–6 months (86–200 kg. body weight) were shown to secrete testosterone at rates varying from 14 to 231 μg.hr./testis. In calves of less than 125 kg. body weight, the testicular venous blood contained androstenedione in amounts exceeding those of testosterone, whereas in calves above 175 kg. in body weight and in mature bulls the androstenedione/testosterone ratio was well below 1:10. Administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG; 2000 i.u./48 hr., intramuscularly, for 7 weeks) did not abolish the high androstenedione/testosterone ratio which characterizes the secretion of the immature bull testis. Intravenous administration of HCG to mature bulls (2–5 i.u./kg.) was followed within 20 min. by an increased output of testosterone into the spermatic vein blood. This response was attended by a rise in the testosterone content of the testis, and was therefore attributed to an increased rate of hormone synthesis, rather than to a release of preformed hormone stored in the gland. There was a significant positive correlation between testosterone content of the testis and rate of testosterone release into the spermatic vein blood. A time interval of 18·0 min. ± 6·6 s.d. (mean of 22 determinations) was sufficient for the release into the testicular effluent of an amount of testosterone equal to the entire content of the gland, and for its replacement by newly synthesized hormone. 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone constituted <3% of the αβ-unsaturated 3-oxosteroids released by the testis. Limited evidence was obtained for the occurrence of progesterone in the spermatic vein blood of calves treated with HCG, but was not regarded as conclusive; the concentration of this steroid in spermatic vein blood plasma of untreated bulls would appear to be < 1·5 μg.%. Dehydroepiandrosterone was not detectable in the spermatic vein blood by a method sensitive to a plasma concentration of 5–10 μg.% of this steroid.

scholarly journals Toxicity and Reproductive Parameters Impairment of Cypermethrin in Male Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertin Narcisse Vemo ◽  
Augustave Kenfack ◽  
Ferdinand Ngoula ◽  
Edouard Akono Nantia ◽  
Claude Cedric Njieudeu Ngaleu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Reproductive Parameters ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Total Protein Level ◽  
Germinal Cells

Cypermethrin is a large spectrum action insecticide, globally employed to control pests in agriculture and some human and domestic animals ectoparasites. This study aimed to evaluate its toxicity and reproduction impairment in male guinea pig. Forty adult male guinea pigs were divided into 4 groups and orally submitted to 0, 92, 137.5 and 275 mg/kg body weight/day for 90 days. The weight of the liver increased significantly, while that of kidneys decreased significantly in treated animals compared to controls. Serum concentrations of creatinine, urea, ALAT, ASAT, total cholesterol, prostatic acid phosphatase increased significantly, while the testicular total protein level decreased significantly in groups given the insecticide relatively to the control. The testes weight, libido, serum level of testosterone, mobility, sperm count and the percentage of spermatozoa with entire plasma membrane decreased significantly in animals exposed to cypermethrin with reference to controls. The percentages of abnormal spermatozoa increased significantly in animals submitted to 137.5 or 275 mg/kg body weight (bw) of cypermethrin compared to control ones. On the testis histological sections of pesticide-treated animals, immature germinal cells were observed in the lumen of seminiferous tubules. Cypermethrin was toxic in male guinea pig and damaged reproductive parameters.

scholarly journals Reproductive Characteristics, Serum Metabolites, and Oxidative Status in Female Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) Fed with Ethanolic Extract of Dichrostachys glomerata Fruit

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Nadège Motchewo Djuissi ◽  
Ferdinand Ngoula ◽  
Justin Kouamo ◽  
Narcisse Bertin Vemo ◽  
Mathieu Fambo Stive Nono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cavia Porcellus ◽  
Crown Rump Length ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Reproductive Characteristics

Dichrostachys glomerata (D. glomerata) is an aromatic plant which is used as a spice in cooking and Cameroonian traditional medicine to treat infertility in men. This work was designed to highlight the effects of the ethanolic extract of D. glomerata on oxidative status, serum metabolites and reproductive characteristics in female guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). A total of 48 primiparous female guinea pigs, aged 4 months old with the body weight of 400 ± 10 g, were divided into four groups with two replications per group (6 guinea pigs each). During 90 days of trial, Group 1 (control group) orally received 1 ml/kg b.w. of distilled water daily, and groups 2, 3, and 4 received D. glomerata ethanolic extract once a day at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg b.w. using the same method of administration, respectively, for 90 days, including 60 days of gestation. After the first 30 days of treatment, mating was done by placing one non-treated male into cages containing six treated females. At the end of the treatment, data were collected on reproductive characteristics, serum metabolites, and oxidative stress markers. The results revealed that the ethanolic extract of D. glomerata induced a significant decrease in the number of post-implantation resorption and ovaries weight. Groups 3 and 4 showed a significant increase in the number of fetuses per dam and viable fetuses as well as placenta weight, compared to the control group. The serum level of progesterone significantly decreased in the group treated with 200 mg/kg D. Glomerata, compared to the other treated groups. The extract at 100 mg/kg body weight showed a significant increase in fetuses weight and fetuses crown-rump length, compared to the control group. Catalase activity significantly increased in the control group than D. glomerata treated groups. In conclusion, ethanolic extract of D. glomerata minimized reproductive stress and subsequently improved the reproductive performance of guinea pigs.

scholarly journals The Domestication of Evolution

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond P. Coppinger ◽  
Charles Kay Smith
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Stable Environment ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Species Specific

A coming ‘Age of Interdependent Forms’ seems destined to mark the success of what could be called ‘despecialized/interspecific fitness’ among neotenic strains (perpetuating juvenile traits) of species such as humans and domestic animals. Humans as well as the first domesticants underwent a neotenic evolution in the wild during the repeated interglacial periods which, acting on a number of mammalian forms, selected against adult species-specific ancestral adaptations to a stable environment. Neotenic species continue to look and behave more like ancestral youths than adults—even after sexual maturity and throughout their life-history. As they retain lifelong youthful dependency motivations, they can easily, under suitable conditions, become interdependent forms. By the time of melting of the last Pleistocene glacier, all the domestic partners had already become more dependency-prone than formerly, and were behaviourally despecialized enough to form the alliance that is now changing the order of Nature.

scholarly journals  Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Landa
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Pain Assessment ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Clinical Responses ◽  
General Signs ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Pain Recognition

&nbsp;In recent years more attention has been paid to the issue of pain in animals, particularly in association with increasing awareness of animal welfare. It is therefore necessary for veterinarians to be able recognise unambiguously whether an animal suffers from pain. Adult humans suffering from pain can more or less characterise their painful experiences, including the site and intensity of the pain. However, pain in animals is in some aspects more complex and it can be rather difficult to evaluate the seriousness and impact of painful events. Therefore, in animals we have to recognise the signs of pain according to indirect markers which involve behavioural, physiological and finally clinical responses. Moreover, in particular the behavioural changes associated with pain can be along with the general signs also species-specific, and hardly recognisable (and for an inexperienced observer seemingly unimportant) which makes pain assessment even more complicated. Therefore, the current review formulates definitions of pain, its classification and is focused on methods that may facilitate pain recognition in animals, which is crucial for an effective pain assessment and consequent effective pain management. The review combines recent knowledge with well proven facts concerning pain and furthermore also highlights the author&rsquo;s own research on pain assessment. &nbsp; &nbsp;

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