Oxygen deficit and stores at onset of muscular exercise in humans

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Di Prampero ◽  
U. Boutellier ◽  
P. Pietsch
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Oxygen Deficit ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Exercise In Humans ◽  
O2 Deficit

Single-breath O2 consumption (VO2) at the mouth and heart rate were determined in five healthy male subjects at rest, during 8 min of cycloergometric exercise (50, 100, 125, and 150 W), and in the recovery period following two experimental conditions: air breathing throughout (AA); hypoxic breathing (FIO2 = 0.11) for 6 min of preexercise rest followed by air breathing from the onset of exercise (HA). The O2 deficits and debts as well as the t 1/2 values of the VO2 on- and off-responses were determined and blood lactate concentrations measured at rest and in the recovery after 4 and 8 min of exercise. At all work loads: 1) O2 deficits were on the average 0.39 liter smaller in HA than in AA; 2) VO2 on-responses were faster in HA (t 1/2 approximately equal to 7 s) than in AA (t 1/2 = 20-30 s); and 3) O2 debts and VO2 off-responses were the same in the two conditions. Since the VO2 and heart rate levels at steady state as well as the blood lactate concentrations after 4 and 8 min of exercise were the same in AA and HA, the observed differences of O2 deficit cannot be attributed to changes of energy metabolism in the two conditions; they therefore depend on the reduction of body O2 stores at rest in HA. This, independently measured, was found to be 0.46 liters, not far from the observed O2 deficit difference (0.39 liters). Thus a decrease of O2 stores before exercise is accompanied by a reduction of the O2 deficit and faster VO2 kinetics at the onset of exercise.

Swimming Performance After Passive and Active Recovery of Various Durations

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Argyris G. Toubekis ◽  
Argiro Tsolaki ◽  
Ilias Smilios ◽  
Helen T. Douda ◽  
Thomas Kourtesis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Active Recovery ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Passive Recovery ◽  
Lactate Removal ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Purpose:To examine the effects of active and passive recovery of various durations after a 100-m swimming test performed at maximal effort.Methods:Eleven competitive swimmers (5 males, 6 females, age: 17.3 ± 0.6 y) completed two 100-m tests with a 15-min interval at a maximum swimming effort under three experimental conditions. The recovery between tests was 15 min passive (PAS), 5 min active, and 10 min passive (5ACT) or 10 min active and 5 min passive (10ACT). Self-selected active recovery started immediately after the first test, corresponding to 60 ± 5% of the 100-m time. Blood samples were taken at rest, 5, 10, and 15 min after the first as well as 5 min after the second 100-m test for blood lactate determination. Heart rate was also recorded during the corresponding periods.Results:Performance time of the first 100 m was not different between conditions (P > .05). The second 100-m test after the 5ACT (64.49 ± 3.85 s) condition was faster than 10ACT (65.49 ± 4.63 s) and PAS (65.89 ± 4.55 s) conditions (P < .05). Blood lactate during the 15-min recovery period between the 100-m efforts was lower in both active recovery conditions compared with passive recovery (P < .05). Heart rate was higher during the 5ACT and 10ACT conditions compared with PAS during the 15-min recovery period (P < .05).Conclusion:Five minutes of active recovery during a 15-min interval period is adequate to facilitate blood lactate removal and enhance performance in swimmers. Passive recovery and/or 10 min of active recovery is not recommended.

IMP metabolism in human skeletal muscle after exhaustive exercise

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Tullson ◽  
J. Bangsbo ◽  
Y. Hellsten ◽  
E. A. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Amp Deaminase ◽  
Purine Content ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Leg Exercise ◽  
Myosin Binding ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Muscle Biopsies ◽  
Exercise In Humans

This study addressed whether AMP deaminase (AMPD)myosin binding occurs with deamination during intense exercise in humans and the extent of purine loss from muscle during the initial minutes of recovery. Male subjects performed cycle exercise (265 +/- 2 W for 4.39 +/- 0.04 min) to stimulate muscle inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) formation. After exercise, blood flow to one leg was occluded. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were taken before and 3.6 +/- 0.2 min after exercise from the occluded leg and 0.7 +/- 0.0, 1.1 +/- 0.0, and 2.9 +/- 0.1 min postexercise in the nonoccluded leg. Exercise activated AMPD; at exhaustion IMP was 3.5 +/- 0.4 mmol/kg dry muscle. Before exercise, 16.0 +/- 1.6% of AMPD cosedimented with the myosin fraction; the extent of AMPD:myosin binding was unchanged by exercise. Inosine content increased about threefold during exercise and twofold more during recovery; by 2.9 min postexercise it was 0.43 +/- 0.02 mmol/kg dry muscle. IMP decreased 2.1 +/- 0.3 mmol/kg dry muscle with no change in total adenylates. Total purines declined significantly (P < 0.05) during the recovery period in the nonoccluded leg, consistent with a loss of purines to the circulation, whereas total purines were unchanged in the occluded leg. Regulation of muscle purine content is a dynamic process that must accommodate rapid changes due to degradation and efflux.

Effects of Posture, Load, and Rate of Carry on Task Heart Rates

1984 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 1000-1002
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Morrissey
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Level Surface ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Actual Load ◽  
Male Subjects

Five well trained male subjects carried loads on a level surface with five levels of task weight, five levels of distance carried, five levels of rate of carriage, and in five task postures set between normal erect and stoopwalking under ceilings set at 80 percent of each subject's normal erect stature. The tasks were performed for 15 minutes, and heart rate measured during the last 5 minutes of task performance and averaged for the condition-subject value. Analysis of the resulting task heart rates found there to be little change due to the experimental conditions tested. Only in the most stooped postures and with the heaviest loads, did large (but not significant) differences in task heart rate appear. It was concluded that for the range of conditions examined, well trained male subjects were able to recover adequately in the period between the actual load carries.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Incremental Running Field and Treadmill Tests in Young Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-201
Author(s):  
Yusuf Köklü ◽  
Utku Alemdaroğlu ◽  
Ramazan Demirhan ◽  
Yunus Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Final Velocity ◽  
Velocity Increments

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the incremental running tests performed by young soccer players on a treadmill (Tr) and in the field (FTcod: 100 m change of direction and FTcir: 100 m circle). Nineteen players (average age 17.4 ± 1.1 years; body height 172.0 ± 5.7 cm; body mass 68.9 ± 6.7 kg) volunteered to perform incremental Tr , FTcod and FTcir running tests. In all three tests, players ran for 3 min at 8, 10, 12 and 14 km∙h-1 and were given a 1 min rest interval between subsequent stages. Blood lactate concentrations (La-) were measured at 1 min rest intervals and the heart rate (HR) responses of players were recorded during the tests. After a 5 min recovery period, the second part of the test started; players ran at 15 km∙h-1 with velocity increments of 1 km∙h-1 every 1 min until exhaustion. This part was performed to determine maximum HR, maximum La- and the players’ final velocities. The results showed that players had significantly lower La- (F = 6.93, p = 0.07, η2 = 0.46, 95%CI(TR-FTcir) = -1.91/-0.34, 95%CI(TR-FTcod) = -1.59/-0.05) and HR (F = 9.08, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.53, 95%CI(TR-FTcir) = -6.98/-1.68, 95%CI(TR-FTcod) = -7.19/1.08) responses in the Tr test than in the FTcir and FTcod tests at 14 km∙h-1. It was also found that players completed the Tr test (F = 58.22, p = 0.00, η2 = 0.87) at higher final running velocities than the FTcir (95%CI(TR-FTcir) = 1.67/2.78) and FTcod (95%CI(TR-FTcod) = 1.69/2.85) tests. In conclusion, when coaches or sports scientists plan to train at higher running velocities or according to the final velocity in the test, it is advisable to carry out testing in the circumstances under which training will be carried out (in the field or on a treadmill).

scholarly journals Análisis antropométrico, fisiológico y temporal en jugadoras de pádel de elite (Anthropometric, physiological and temporal analysis in elite female paddle players)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Francisco Pradas de la Fuente ◽  
Javier Cachón Zagalaz ◽  
David Otín Benedí ◽  
Alejandro Quintas Hijós ◽  
Salas Inmaculada Arraco Castellar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Simulated Match ◽  
Blood Lactate Levels

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar en el pádel femenino de elite (PFE) las características antropométricas, la respuesta fisiológica y la estructura temporal producida durante una competición simulada (CS). Seis jugadoras con una experiencia mínima de 4 años en pruebas del circuito oficial fueron seleccionadas para participar en esta investigación. Se registraron diferentes medidas corporales para estudiar el perfil antropométrico: masa corporal, talla, 6 pliegues, 4 perímetros y 3 diámetros. Durante la CS fueron registradas las siguientes variables: i. Frecuencia cardíaca máxima (FCmáx), mínima (FCmín) y media (FCmed) de cada juego, set y total; ii. Niveles lácticos al terminar cada set, al finalizar el partido y en los minutos 2, 4, 6, 8 y 10 del periodo de recuperación; iii. Tiempo de juego total. Los valores antropométricos analizados reflejaron un somatotipo endo-mesomórfico (3.7-4.2-2.5). Los resultados fisiológicos obtenidos durante la CS fueron de 177±9.2 y 151±8.1 lpm para la FCmáx y FCmed respectivamente. Los niveles lácticos máximos alcanzados fueron de 2.4±.6 mmol.l. La duración media de los partidos fue de 56:11±00:38 m. La FCmáx fue de un 76.3% respecto a la máxima hallada en laboratorio. Los niveles de lactacidemia registrados situaron el esfuerzo en la vía metabólica aeróbica con cortos periodos entre el metabolismo aeróbico-anaeróbico. Conocer estos datos resulta de gran utilidad como método de control del rendimiento y de planificación del entrenamiento en el PFE.Palabras clave: composición corporal, somatotipo, lactato, frecuencia cardiaca, estructura temporal.Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze anthropometric characteristics, physiological response and structure temporal produced in elite female paddle players (EFPP) during a simulated competition (SC). Six EFPP, with four years minimum experience in official circuit competitions, were selected for this study. Different body measures were registered to obtain the anthropometric profile: body mass, height, 6 skinfolds, 4 girths and 3 breadths. During CS the following variables were recorded: i. Maximum heart rate (HRmax), minimum and medium heart reat (HRmin and HRmed) on each game, set and final match; ii. Blood lactate levels after each set and lactate levels in minutes 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 during recovery period; iii. Total playing time. Anthropometric values showed a mesoendomorfic somatotype (3.7-4.2-2.5). Physiological results showed that average achieved during SC was 177±9.2 and 151±8.1 bmp HRmax and HRmed, respectively. Maximum blood lactate levels showed by EFPP were 2.4±0.6 mMol.L-1. The mean match time was 56:11±00:38 m. Percentage of HRmax during simulated match was 76.3% of maximum value obtained during laboratory test. Blood lactate levels during SC showed that EFPP spent most of the time at aerobic intensities with brief periods at anaerobic intensities. Data obtained in this study provides useful information in EFPP training periodization and performance management.Key words: body composition, somatotype, blood lactate, heart rate, temporal structure.

Heart Rate Variability, Homeostasis, and Brain Function

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Riganello ◽  
Sergio Garbarino ◽  
Walter G. Sannita
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cardiovascular Research ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Brain Injured

Measures of heart rate variability (HRV) are major indices of the sympathovagal balance in cardiovascular research. These measures are thought to reflect complex patterns of brain activation as well and HRV is now emerging as a descriptor thought to provide information on the nervous system organization of homeostatic responses in accordance with the situational requirements. Current models of integration equate HRV to the affective states as parallel outputs of the central autonomic network, with HRV reflecting its organization of affective, physiological, “cognitive,” and behavioral elements into a homeostatic response. Clinical application is in the study of patients with psychiatric disorders, traumatic brain injury, impaired emotion-specific processing, personality, and communication disorders. HRV responses to highly emotional sensory inputs have been identified in subjects in vegetative state and in healthy or brain injured subjects processing complex sensory stimuli. In this respect, HRV measurements can provide additional information on the brain functional setup in the severely brain damaged and would provide researchers with a suitable approach in the absence of conscious behavior or whenever complex experimental conditions and data collection are impracticable, as it is the case, for example, in intensive care units.

Identifying Patterns in Complex Field Data

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. White ◽  
Dieter Kleinböhl ◽  
Thomas Lang ◽  
Alfons O. Hamm ◽  
Alexander L. Gerlach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Complex Field ◽  
Cluster Assignment ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Conventional Analysis

Abstract. Ambulatory assessment methods are well suited to examine how patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/A) undertake situational exposure. But under complex field conditions of a complex treatment protocol, the variability of data can be so high that conventional analytic approaches based on group averages inadequately describe individual variability. To understand how fear responses change throughout exposure, we aimed to demonstrate the incremental value of sorting HR responses (an index of fear) prior to applying averaging procedures. As part of their panic treatment, 85 patients with PD/A completed a total of 233 bus exposure exercises. Heart rate (HR), global positioning system (GPS) location, and self-report data were collected. Patients were randomized to one of two active treatment conditions (standard exposure or fear-augmented exposure) and completed multiple exposures in four consecutive exposure sessions. We used latent class cluster analysis (CA) to cluster heart rate (HR) responses collected at the start of bus exposure exercises (5 min long, centered on bus boarding). Intra-individual patterns of assignment across exposure repetitions were examined to explore the relative influence of individual and situational factors on HR responses. The association between response types and panic disorder symptoms was determined by examining how clusters were related to self-reported anxiety, concordance between HR and self-report measures, and bodily symptom tolerance. These analyses were contrasted with a conventional analysis based on averages across experimental conditions. HR responses were sorted according to form and level criteria and yielded nine clusters, seven of which were interpretable. Cluster assignment was not stable across sessions or treatment condition. Clusters characterized by a low absolute HR level that slowly decayed corresponded with low self-reported anxiety and greater self-rated tolerance of bodily symptoms. Inconsistent individual factors influenced HR responses less than situational factors. Applying clustering can help to extend the conventional analysis of highly variable data collected in the field. We discuss the merits of this approach and reasons for the non-stereotypical pattern of cluster assignment across exposures.

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