Protein egress and entry rates in pleural fluid and plasma in sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Wiener-Kronish ◽  
K. H. Albertine ◽  
V. Licko ◽  
N. C. Staub
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Fluid ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Pleural Cavity ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Half Time ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Protein Specific Activity

We determined a rate of protein egress from the pleural cavity into thoracic duct lymph in seven anesthetized sheep in whom we had made 10-ml/kg hydrothoraces containing 1% plasma protein labeled with 125I-albumin. The labeled protein left the pleural space at an average rate of 0.02 ml X kg-1 X h-1. In 25 unanesthetized sheep we injected labeled protein intravenously and collected pleural fluid and plasma at intervals up to 48 h. The radioactivity in the sheeps' plasma fell twice as rapidly as the rate observed in humans. The half time for equilibration between plasma and pleural fluid protein specific activity was approximately 6 h. In seven sheep we gave a continuous infusion of tracer protein. In six of these seven sheep we collected superficial cervical lymph. The protein concentration in the lymph was three times that of pleural fluid. The half time for protein specific activity equilibration between plasma and pleural fluid was 5 h and 3–4 h between plasma and superficial cervical lymph. The rate of protein turnover in the pleural space appears to be much slower than previously reported.

Liquid and protein dynamics using a new minimally invasive pleural catheter in rabbits

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 851-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Broaddus ◽  
M. Araya
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Liquid Flow Rate ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Total Radioactivity ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Protein Marker ◽  
Pleural Catheter

To obtain continuous access to the pleural space without causing injury, we tested a new transdiaphragmatic pleural catheter for its ability 1) to drain the pleural space without injury and 2) to drain liquid at a rate equal to normal pleural liquid production. In 13 anesthetized rabbits, we opened the abdomen and dissected through the diaphragm to insert a flared-tip catheter into the ventral pleural space on one side and then turned the rabbit prone. In 10 of the rabbits (8 for 6 h, 2 for 24 h), we continuously collected draining pleural liquid, and in 3 rabbits (6 h), we did not open the catheter. We injected radiolabeled albumin intravenously as a protein marker. Terminally, we collected pleural liquid from both pleural spaces and lavaged for total radioactivity. In 14 awake control rabbits without catheters, we measured normal pleural liquid production by the rate of equilibration of radiolabeled albumin from plasma to pleural liquid. We found that, although the percentage of neutrophils was increased on the side with the catheter (54 vs. 1% in control rabbits), the pleural liquid volume, protein concentration, specific activity of albumin, and total radioactivity in the pleural space were the same on the side with the catheter as on the opposite side and in the control rabbits. The liquid flow rate through the catheter over 6 h was 53 +/- 23 microliters/h [0.017 +/- 0.008 (SD) ml.kg-1.h-1], which was not significantly different from the computed rate of normal pleural liquid production in the control rabbits, 49 +/- 14 microliters/h (0.016 +/- 0.004 ml.kg-1.h-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Octreotide

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 365-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Stajich ◽  
Laurel Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Fluid ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Respiratory Compromise ◽  
Prolonged Hospitalization ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Triglyceride Content

A CHYLOTHORAX IS CHARACTERIZED BY AN ACCUMULATION OF pleural fluid having a turbid or milky white appearance due to a high lipid and triglyceride content. This continuously draining fluid, called chyle, contains lymphocytes, proteins, and immunoglobulins. Besides incurring respiratory compromise, the loss of fluid through excessive chyle drainage may lead to nutritional, electrolyte, and immunologic complications and is associated with high morbidity and prolonged hospitalization.1Chylothoraces may be acquired from trauma secondary to intraoperative disruption of either the thoracic duct lymph or its lymphatic tributary or from nontraumatic causes such as malignancies.

Lymphatic and vascular responses to fluid infusion in castrated and noncastrated sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (6) ◽  
pp. R1114-R1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Valenzuela ◽  
R. A. Brace ◽  
L. D. Longo
Keyword(s):  
Blood Volume ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Estrogen Withdrawal

Estrogen administration produces blood volume expansion and interstitial fluid retention. We decided to study the effect of estrogen withdrawal on blood volume and determine whether oophorectomy has an effect on lymph flow or protein concentration. The rate of left thoracic duct lymph flow averaged 0.041 +/- 0.005 (SE) and 0.071 +/- 0.008 ml X min-1 X kg-1 in castrated (n = 9) and noncastrated (n = 9) female sheep, respectively (P = 0.006). After three serial intravenous infusions of Ringer lactate solution (2% body wt/infusion) the thoracic duct lymph flow in the castrated animals increased 358, 457, and 498% over the base-line rate, compared with increase of 200, 235, and 353% in the nonpregnant ewes. However, with the lower control values in the castrated animals, the lymph flow rate reached the same absolute values as those seen in the noncastrated ewes. Lymph protein concentration and the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio, as well as arterial and venous pressures, were unaltered by oophorectomy. Base-line whole blood volumes were 58.2 +/- 1.9 (n = 9) and 64.8 +/- 2.6 ml/kg (n = 9) in the castrated and noncastrated ewes, respectively (P less than 0.05). Systemic vascular compliance averaged 4.5 +/- 0.7 and 7.1 +/- 1.7 ml X kg-1 X mmHg-1 in the castrated and noncastrated ewes, respectively (P less than 0.05), whereas interstitial fluid compliance values were 12 and 32 ml X kg-1 X mmHg-1, respectively. The capillary filtration coefficients were not different in the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of sustained lymph drainage on cardiovascular function and thoracic duct lymph in sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (4) ◽  
pp. R867-R874
Author(s):  
G. J. Valenzuela ◽  
C. W. Hewitt ◽  
G. C. Kramer ◽  
Y. Do ◽  
W. A. Hseuh
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Escape Rate ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Lymph Drainage ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Duct Lymph

We studied the effect of lowering the plasma protein concentration on the cardiovascular function and thoracic duct lymph in awake adult sheep. Hypoproteinemia was induced in seven nonpregnant, splenectomized sheep by drainage of the thoracic duct lymph over a 5-day period. The plasma protein went from a mean of 6.4 +/- 0.2 (SE) to 4.9 +/- 0.2 g/dl on day 5, and the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio decreased from 0.74 +/- 0.01 on day 1 to 0.48 +/- 0.04 on day 5. The percentage composition of the protein fractions in plasma and lymph remained unchanged. Lymph flow was 1.79 +/- 0.37 and 1.28 +/- 0.10 ml/min for days 1 and 5, respectively. Renin concentration in plasma increased 50-fold by day 5. Arterial pressure fell from 102.9 +/- 5.4 to 72.7 +/- 4.4 mmHg by day 5. Mean hematocrit was 28.9 +/- 1.7 at day 1, which was not significantly different than 24.6 +/- 2.9 at day 5 and indicated that the plasma volume did not decrease. Body weight also did not change significantly. There was a decrease in the transcapillary protein escape rate, determined as the thoracic lymph flow rate multiplied the lymph protein concentration, that suggests adaptations in the microcirculation to decrease vascular-to-interstitial protein transfer during hypoproteinemia. Hypoproteinemic animals also demonstrated greater vascular retention of a fluid volume challenge. In conclusion, the sheep adaptations to sustained hypoproteinemia produced by lymph drainage were a significant decrease in arterial pressure, large increases in vascular compliance and renin concentration, and reduced transcapillary escape rate of protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Plasma volume, red cell volume, and thoracic duct lymph flow in hypothermia

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (5) ◽  
pp. H605-H612 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y. Chen ◽  
S. Chien
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Circulating Blood Volume ◽  
Duct Lymph

The effects of hypothermia on plasma volume (125I-albumin), red blood cell volume (51 Cr-RBC), and capillary permeability (thoracic duct lymph flow and protein concentration) were determined on dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, paralyzed with succinylcholine, and mechanically ventilated. Red blood cell volume and plasma protein concentration did not change significantly after cooling. Reductions in plasma volume and total plasma proteins indicate that whole plasma was excluded from the effective circulating blood volume. Except for a lesser increase in hematocrit, chronically splenectomized dogs showed essentially the same changes as normal dogs in response to hypothermia. Following application of ice bags, there was a biphasic response in lymph flow. The early increase in lymph flow accompanying a slight decrease in plasma volume was attributable to transcapillary fluid loss into interstitial space, probably due to cold-induced sympathetic activity. The later decrease in lymph flow in hypothermia resulted from a decrease of lymph production secondary to a decrease in available capillary diffusion area. This decrease in lymph flows and the continued reduction in plasma volume suggest an intravascular sequestration of whole plasma.

Effect of serotonin, epinephrine, histamine, and hexamethonium on thoracic duct lymph

1961 ◽  
Vol 201 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walton K. T. Shim ◽  
Eugene L. Pollack ◽  
Theodore Drapanas
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Capillary Permeability ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Total Protein Concentration ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Single Intravenous Injection ◽  
Duct Lymph

Serial studies of thoracic duct lymph flow rates and lymph proteins including albumin, globulin and fibrinogen were performed in 22 fasting unanesthetized dogs following intrathoracic cannulation of the thoracic duct with a polyethylene catheter. Serotonin given intravenously (20 µg/kg/min) produced a marked increase in lymph flow (115%) with a 20% decrease in total protein concentration. A single intravenous injection of epinephrine (1 mg) produced a 92% increase in lymph flow accompanied by a 12% increase in protein concentration. Histamine (1 mg) given intravenously also produced a significant increase in lymph flow (127%) but protein concentration remained constant. Hexamethonium chloride (2.5 mg/kg iv) markedly depressed lymph flow rate (50%) without significantly altering lymph protein concentrations. The possible mechanisms of action of each of these agents is discussed. Results indicate that serotonin markedly influences lymph production and lymph protein concentration by a probable selective alteration of capillary permeability rather than by increasing intestinal motility.

scholarly journals Studies of Lymphocyte Kinetics in Man

Blood ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEYMOUR PERRY ◽  
GEORGE L. IRVIN ◽  
JACQUELINE WHANG
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Male Patients

Abstract Studies of certain aspects of lymphocyte kinetics were performed in nine patients with malignancies but who were hematologically normal. Following the administration of tritiated thymidine, well-labeled large lymphocytes appeared very promptly in thoracic duct lymph along with some lightly labeled small lymphocytes. Specific activity was higher in the thoracic duct lymph lymphocytes as compared to the peripheral blood leukocytes for at least the first 50 hours. When male patients were transfused with thoracic duct lymphocyte obtained from female donors, lymphocytes with a female karyotype were observed as early as 10 hours in the thoracic duct lymph and as early as one hour in the peripheral blood. The evidence presented in these studies confirms data previously obtained only in animal experiments and indicates that homologous lymphocytes may circulate as long as 9 days in appropriate recipients.

Effects of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic fluids on thoracic duct lymph flow

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (6) ◽  
pp. R785-R791
Author(s):  
R. A. Brace ◽  
G. G. Power
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Plasma Protein Concentration ◽  
Interstitial Fluid Volume ◽  
Duct Lymph

To test whether whole-body lymph flow responses to vascular volume loading depend on osmolality, we measured left thoracic duct lymph flow rate and protein concentration, plasma protein concentration, plasma osmolality, hematocrit, and arterial and venous pressures in pentobarbital-anesthetized, acutely nephrectomized dogs. Hypo- (100 mosmol), iso- (309 mosmol), and hypertonic (600 mosmol) saline, isotonic lactated Ringer solution, and 5% glucose in lactated Ringer solution (580 mosmol) were infused into the jugular vein (20 ml/kg per infusion over 5 min at 30-min intervals). Changes in blood, interstitial, and cellular volumes were calculated from the infused volume and from the hematocrit and plasma osmolality. The hypotonic fluid increased lymph flow about half as much as the isotonic fluid, whereas the hypertonic fluids increased lymph flow about twice as much as the isotonic infusions. Responses appeared independent of the osmotic agent, because hypertonic NaCl was as effective as hypertonic glucose in increasing lymph flow. Responses were not altered appreciably after lowering arterial pressure by 25 mmHg. The major finding of this study is that for every condition we explored, the excess lymph flow over 30 min (ELF in ml X kg-1 X 30 min-1) correlated with the change in interstitial fluid volume (delta ISFV in ml/kg); ELF = 0.076 delta ISFV (r = 0.909). These data suggest that cellular fluid that enters the interstitium is equally effective in increasing thoracic duct lymph flow as is vascular fluid that filters into the interstitium.

scholarly journals The Effect of Oil-Feeding and Starvation on the Composition and Output of Lipid in Thoracic Duct Lymph in the Lactating Cow

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 635 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Hartmann ◽  
JG Harris ◽  
AK Lascelles
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Thoracic Duct Lymph ◽  
Safflower Oil ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Plasma Pool ◽  
Duct Lymph ◽  
Vascular Compartment

A single dose of up to 480 g of safflower oil was administered, on two occasions, to each of two lactating cows. The changes in the absorption of lipid from the small intestine were studied by determining the changes in the output of lipid in thoracic duct lymph. There was a significant increase (P<O'Ol) in the output of total lipid, triglyceride, and free fatty acid in the lymph, between the 6th and 7th hr after oil.feeding. The output of total lipid began to decline at 17 hr after oil.feeding but did not appear to return to the level observed before oilfeeding until 2-3 days later. Although the average rate of entry of chylomicron triglyceride into the blood vascular compartment increased from approximately 15 g/hr before, to 30 g/hr after oil.feeding, there were only slight changes in the concentration of triglyceride in blood plasma. It was concluded that the rate of turnover of the plasma pool of chylomicrons was extremely rapid.

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