Cooling different body surfaces during upper and lower body exercise

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1218-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Young ◽  
M. N. Sawka ◽  
Y. Epstein ◽  
B. Decristofano ◽  
K. B. Pandolf
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Coolant Temperature ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Upper Body Exercise ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Walking Tests ◽  
High Insulation ◽  
Male Subjects

The effect of varying the body surface area being cooled by a liquid microclimate system was evaluated during exercise heat-stress conditions. Six male subjects performed a total of six exercise (O2 uptake = 1.2 l/min) tests in a hot environment (ambient temperature = 38 degrees C, relative humidity = 30%) while dressed in clothing having low moisture permeability and high insulation. Each subject completed two upper body exercise (U; arm crank) tests: 1) with only the torso surface (T) cooled; and 2) with the surfaces of both the torso and upper arms (TA) cooled [coolant temperature at the inlet (Ti) was 20 degrees C for all upper body tests]. Each subject also completed four lower body exercise (L; walking) tests: 1) with only the T cooled (Ti = 20 degrees C); 2) with only the T cooled (Ti = 26 degrees C); 3) with torso, upper arm, and thigh surface (TAT) cooled (Ti = 20 degrees C); and 4) with TAT cooled (Ti = 26 degrees C). During U exercise, TA cooling had no effects compared with cooling only T. During L exercise, sweat rates, heart rates, and rectal temperature (Tre) changes were less with TAT cooling compared with cooling only the T. Altering Ti had no effect on Tre changes, but higher heart rates were observed with 26 than with 20 degrees C. These data indicate that cooling arms during upper body exercise provides no thermoregulatory advantage, although cooling the thigh surfaces during lower body exercise does provide an advantage.

scholarly journals Exercises using the upper limbs hyperinflate COPD patients more than exercises using the lower limbs at the same metabolic demand

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E.F. Porto ◽  
A.A.M. Castro ◽  
M. Velloso ◽  
O. Nascimento ◽  
F. Dal Maso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Dynamic Hyperinflation ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Inspiratory Capacity ◽  
Upper Body Exercise

mandatory constituents of a rehabilitation programme for patients with COPD. However, it is not known how much these exercises may induce pulmonary dynamic hyperinflation (DH). Objective. To evaluate the DH in patients with COPD exercising the upper and lower parts of the body at the same metabolic demand. Methods. Sixteen patients aged 63 ± 13 years and with a FEV1 of 1.5 ± 0.7 L (41 ± 11% pred) were studied. Patients initially performed a maximal exercise test with the arms using the diagonal movement technique. The lower limbs were exercised on a treadmill at the same metabolic demand. Results. Inspiratory capacity decreased 222 ± 158 ml (9.8%) after the upper body exercise (p < 0.0001) and 148 ± 161 ml (7%) after exercise with the lower body (p = 0.0028) and a difference between the two groups was found (p < 0.05). There was no difference between resting IC before upper and lower limbs exercises (p = 0.8); increase in minute ventilation and in pulmonary ventilation in percentage of maximum voluntary ventilation and reduction of expiratory time were larger in the upper limbs exercise (p < 0.05). Dyspnea as measured by the Borg Scale was higher in the upper body (3.9 ± 2.2) than in the lower body (2.3 ± 1.3) at the end of the exercise (p = 0.033). Pulmonary ventilation and inspiratory capacity were correlated (p = 0.0001; r = 0.82). Conclusion. Exercise with the upper part of the body causes more DH and dyspnea than exercise with the lower part of the body at the same metabolic demand.

scholarly journals Central aortic hemodynamics following acute lower and upper-body exercise in a cold environment among patients with coronary artery disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi E. Hintsala ◽  
Rasmus I. P. Valtonen ◽  
Antti Kiviniemi ◽  
Craig Crandall ◽  
Juha Perkiömäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Dynamic Exercise ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Static Exercise ◽  
Upper Body Exercise ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Artery Disease

AbstractExercise is beneficial to cardiovascular health, evidenced by reduced post-exercise central aortic blood pressure (BP) and wave reflection. We assessed if post-exercise central hemodynamics are modified due to an altered thermal state related to exercise in the cold in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD patients (n = 11) performed moderate-intensity lower-body exercise (walking at 65–70% of HRmax) and rested in neutral (+ 22 °C) and cold (− 15 °C) conditions. In another protocol, CAD patients (n = 15) performed static (five 1.5 min work cycles, 10–30% of maximal voluntary contraction) and dynamic (three 5 min workloads, 56–80% of HRmax) upper-body exercise at the same temperatures. Both datasets consisted of four 30-min exposures administered in random order. Central aortic BP and augmentation index (AI) were noninvasively assessed via pulse wave analyses prior to and 25 min after these interventions. Lower-body dynamic exercise decreased post-exercise central systolic BP (6–10 mmHg, p < 0.001) and AI (1–6%, p < 0.001) both after cold and neutral and conditions. Dynamic upper-body exercise lowered central systolic BP (2–4 mmHg, p < 0.001) after exposure to both temperatures. In contrast, static upper-body exercise increased central systolic BP after exposure to cold (7 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.001). Acute dynamic lower and upper-body exercise mainly lowers post-exercise central BP in CAD patients irrespective of the environmental temperature. In contrast, central systolic BP was elevated after static exercise in cold. CAD patients likely benefit from year-round dynamic exercise, but hemodynamic responses following static exercise in a cold environment should be examined further.Clinical trials.gov: NCT02855905 04/08/2016.

Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise distributed between the upper and lower body

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1403-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Toner ◽  
M. N. Sawka ◽  
L. Levine ◽  
K. B. Pandolf
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Venous Return ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Upper Body Exercise ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Responses ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Constant Power Output

The present study examined the influence that distributing exercise between upper (arm crank exercise) and lower (cycle exercise) body muscle groups had on cardiorespiratory responses to constant power output (PO) exercise. Six male volunteers completed five submaximal exercise bouts of 7-min duration at both 76 and 109 W. The arm PO/total PO (% arm) for these bouts was approximately 0, 20, 40, 60, and 100%. At 76 W, O2 uptake (VO2) did not change (P greater than 0.05) from 0 to approximately 20% arm (approximately 1.30 1 x min-1) but increased with increasing percent arm values up to 100% (1.58 1 x min-1). At 109 W, VO2 increased throughout the range of 0 (1.70 1 x min-1) to 100% arm (2.33 1 x min-1). In general, minute ventilation (VE) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) increased with increased percent arm values at 76 and 109 W. The heart rate (HR) responses remained unchanged from 0 to 60% arm at both 76 and 109 W; however, between 60 and 100% arm, a 26-beats x min-1 increase was observed at 76 W (143 beats x min-1 at 100% arm) and a 45-beats x min-1 increase at 109 W (174 beats x min-1 at 100% arm). These data suggested that during upper body exercise, the increased VO2 associated with increased percent arm values was not accompanied by an elevated HR response when at least 40% of the PO was performed by the lower body. This might be attributed to a facilitated venous return and/or a decreased total peripheral resistance when the lower body was involved in the exercise.

scholarly journals Influence of Training Status and Maturity on Pulmonary O2 Uptake Recovery Kinetics Following Cycle and Upper Body Exercise in Girls

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melitta A. McNarry ◽  
Joanne R. Welsman ◽  
Andrew M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Time Constant ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Training Status ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Upper Body Exercise ◽  
Young Girls

The influence of training status on pulmonary VO2 recovery kinetics, and its interaction with maturity, has not been investigated in young girls. Sixteen prepubertal (Pre: trained (T, 11.4 ± 0.7 years), 8 untrained (UT, 11.5 ± 0.6 years)) and 8 pubertal (Pub: 8T, 14.2 ± 0.7 years; 8 UT, 14.5 ± 1.3 years) girls completed repeat transitions from heavy intensity exercise to a baseline of unloaded exercise, on both an upper and lower body ergometer. The VO2 recovery time constant was significantly shorter in the trained prepubertal and pubertal girls during both cycle (Pre: T, 26 ± 4 vs. UT, 32 ± 6; Pub: T, 28 ± 2 vs. UT, 35 ± 7 s; both p < .05) and upper body exercise (Pre: T, 26 ± 4 vs. UT, 35 ± 6; Pub: T, 30 ± 4 vs. UT, 42 ± 3 s; both p < .05). No interaction was evident between training status and maturity. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of VO2 recovery kinetics to training in young girls and challenge the notion of a “maturational threshold” in the influence of training status on the physiological responses to exercise and recovery.

Effects of clothing ease and body postures on the air gap and clothing coverage

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 578-594
Author(s):  
Shitan Wang ◽  
Xiuhua Wang ◽  
Yunyi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Air Gap ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Gap Size ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Body Postures ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Gap Models ◽  
The Right

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of clothing ease and body postures on the size and distribution of the air gap as well as the body coverage with the clothing. Design/methodology/approach Visual and quantitative analyses were conducted using a 3D body scanner and Geomagic Software. The air gap size and clothing area factor (fcl) in three test coverall and seven selected postures were calculated and compared. Findings The results indicated that both the clothing ease and body postures had a strong effect on the air gap and clothing coverage, especially the more complex the postures, the wider the range of influence. Nevertheless, these effects varied over body regions, being stronger at the lower body than the upper body. The air gap size at the left side of the body was generally larger than the right side. It was also found that the clothing coverage was linearly correlated with the air gap size and could be employed as an indicator to evaluate clothing protective capabilities. Practical implications The findings suggested that greater attention should be paid to the protection and flexibility at the lower body and asymmetrical distribution of the air gap should be considered in the future air gap modeling. Originality/value The outcomes provided useful information to improve the protective clothing and develop more realistic air gap models to simulate the heat and mass transfer.

Quantitative body symmetry assessment during neurological examination

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 573-584
Author(s):  
Kristina Daunoraviciene ◽  
Jurgita Ziziene ◽  
Agne Ovcinikova ◽  
Rasa Kizlaitiene ◽  
Julius Griskevicius
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
Body Asymmetry ◽  
Upper And Lower Extremities ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
Measurement Units

BACKGROUND: A lack of movement coordination characterized by the undershoot or overshoot of the intended location with the hand, arm, or leg is often found in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Standardized as Finger-to-Nose (FNT) and The Heel-to-Shin (HST) tests are the most frequently used tests for qualitative examination of upper and lower body coordination. Inertial sensors facilitate in performing quantitative motion analysis and by estimating body symmetry more accurately assess coordination lesion and imbalance. OBJECTIVES: To assess the body symmetry of upper and lower limbs quantitatively, and to find the best body symmetry indices to discriminate MS from healthy individuals (CO). METHODS: 28 MS patients and 23 CO participated in the study. Spatiotemporal parameters obtained from six Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) were placed on the upper and lower extremities during FNT and HST tests. All data were analyzed using statistical methods in MATLAB. RESULTS: Asymmetry indices of temporal parameters showed a significant increase in upper body and lower body asymmetry of MS compared to CO. However, CO have a greater kinematic asymmetry compared to MS. CONCLUSION: Temporal parameters are the most sensitive to body asymmetry evaluation. However, range of motion is completely inappropriate if it is calculated for one movement cycle.

scholarly journals The onset time of balance control during walking is phase-independent, but the magnitude of the response is not

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Reimann ◽  
Tyler Fettrow ◽  
David Grenet ◽  
Elizabeth D. Thompson ◽  
John J. Jeka
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractThe human body is mechanically unstable during walking. Maintaining upright stability requires constant regulation of muscle force by the central nervous system to push against the ground and move the body mass in the desired way. Activation of muscles in the lower body in response to sensory or mechanical perturbations during walking is usually highly phase-dependent, because the effect any specific muscle force has on the body movement depends upon the body configuration. Yet the resulting movement patterns of the upper body after the same perturbations are largely phase-independent. This is puzzling, because any change of upper-body movement must be generated by parts of the lower body pushing against the ground. How do phase-dependent muscle activation patterns along the lower body generate phase-independent movement patterns of the upper body? We hypothesize that in response to a perceived threat to balance, the nervous system generates a functional response by pushing against the ground in any way possible with the current body configuration. This predicts that the changes in the ground reaction force patterns following a balance perturbation should be phase-independent. Here we test this hypothesis by disturbing upright balance using Galvanic vestibular stimulation at three different points in the gait cycle. We measure the resulting changes in whole-body center of mass movement and the location of the center of pressure of the ground reaction force. We find that the whole-body balance response is not phase-independent as expected: balance responses are initiated faster and are smaller following a disturbance late in the gait cycle. Somewhat paradoxically, the initial center of pressure changes are larger for perturbations late in the gait cycle. The onset of the center of pressure changes however, does not depend on the phase of the perturbation. The results partially support our hypothesis of a phase-independent functional balance response underlying the phase-dependent recruitment of different balance mechanisms at different points of the gait cycle. We conclude that the central nervous system recruits any available mechanism to push against the ground to maintain balance as fast as possible in response to a perturbation, but the different mechanisms do not have equal strength.

scholarly journals Body shape classification of Korean middle-aged women using 3D anthropometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minji Yu ◽  
Dong-Eun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Apparel Companies ◽  
Clothing Fit ◽  
Body Shapes ◽  
Type 3

AbstractMost Korean apparel companies lack suitable dress forms for the different body types of middle-aged Korean women, resulting in poor clothing fit for them. As a part of an ongoing project to develop a dress form that fully reflects Korean middle-aged women’s bodies, this study classified the body shapes and examined the anthropometric characteristics of women in their 40s and 50s. The 3D anthropometric data of 302 middle-aged women of normal weight (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) were obtained from the 6th Size Korea. Sixty-three measurements related to the construction of dress form were chosen. Based on the scores from five factors, the body shapes of Korean middle-aged women were classified into four types: Type 1 had a broader shoulder and a slightly developed upper body but a more developed lower body; Type 2 had a longer, relatively thin and flat, vertical body; Type 3 had a shorter body and smaller torso than the other types, and the lower body was more developed than the upper; Type 4 had a bulky upper body and the highest BMI, but the lower body was rather small. The nine key measurements in classifying the body shapes of Korean middle-aged women were found by discriminant analysis. The characteristics of representative body shapes obtained in this study can be useful for developing dress forms for clothing that better fits Korean middle-aged women.

Heat exchange during upper- and lower-body exercise

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1050-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Sawka ◽  
R. R. Gonzalez ◽  
L. L. Drolet ◽  
K. B. Pandolf
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Cycle Exercise ◽  
Upper Body Exercise ◽  
Dry Heat

This study examined evaporative and dry heat exchange during upper- and lower-body exercise. Four male subjects performed arm-crank or cycle exercise at the same O2 uptake level (approximately 1.6 l/min) in an environment facilitating dry heat exchange [radiative and convective (R + C)] [ambient temperature (Ta) = 18 degrees C, dew-point temperature (Tdp) = 14 degrees C] and an environment facilitating evaporative heat loss (Esk) (Ta = 35 degrees C, Tdp = 14 degrees C). (R + C) was determined from the torso with a net radiometer and from the limbs with heat flow discs, whereas Esk was determined from the torso and limbs by ventilated dew-point sensors. In both environments neither esophageal temperature nor mean skin temperature were different between exercise types (P greater than 0.05). Torso (R + C) was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater during arm-crank than during cycle exercise in both environments. Torso Esk, as well as arm (R + C), and arm Esk were not different (P greater than 0.05) between exercise types in each environment. Leg (R + C) was greater (P less than 0.05) during cycle than during arm-crank exercise in the 18 degrees C environment, whereas leg Esk was greater (P less than 0.05) during cycle than during arm-crank exercise in the 35 degrees C environment. These data indicate that to compensate for greater torso sensible heat loss during upper body exercise lower body exercise elicits additional (R + C) or Esk from the legs. The avenue for this compensatory sensible and insensible heat loss depends upon the differential heat transfer coefficients which influence tissue conductivity and mass transfer.

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