scholarly journals Modeling developmental changes in strength and aerobic power in children

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Nevill ◽  
Roger L. Holder ◽  
Adam Baxter-Jones ◽  
Joan M. Round ◽  
David A. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Multilevel Model ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Polynomial Structure ◽  
Model Structures

The present study examined two contrasting multilevel model structures to describe the developmental (longitudinal) changes in strength and aerobic power in children: 1) an additive polynomial structure and 2) a multiplicative structure with allometric body size components. On the basis of the maximum log-likelihood criterion, the multiplicative “allometric” model was shown to be superior to the additive polynomial model when fitted to the data from two published longitudinal studies and to provide more plausible solutions within and beyond the range of observations.The multilevel regression analysis of study 1 confirmed that aerobic power develops approximately in proportion to body mass, m 1/3. The analyses from study 2 identified a significant increase in quadriceps and biceps strength, in proportion to body size, plus an additional contribution from age, centered at about peak height velocity (PHV). The positive “age” term for boys suggested that at PHV the boys were becoming stronger in the quadriceps and biceps in relation to their body size. In contrast, the girls’ age term was either negligible (quadriceps) or negative (biceps), indicating that at PHV the girls’ strength was developing in proportion to or, in the case of the biceps, was becoming weaker in relation to their body size.

scholarly journals Comparison of maturation and physical performance in basketball athletes of different playing positions

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian Keila Barazetti ◽  
Pedro Rafael Varoni ◽  
Fernando de Souza Campos ◽  
Michelli Demarchi ◽  
Lucielle Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Sitting Height

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of somatic maturation, anthropometric and physical performance (vertical jump and aerobic power) in young basketball players of different playing positions (under 13 years) and analyze these relationships using Peak Height Velocity (PHV) as a measure of somatic maturation. For this, 26 male athletes were evaluated. Anthropometric variables were: body mass, standing and sitting height, and length of lower limbs. Maturation was determined by age at PHV. Physical performance was determined by lower limb power (counter movement jump - CMJ) and aerobic power (Intermittent Recovery Test) tests. MANOVA reported significant differences (p<0.05) among playing positions regarding variables Maturity Offset, estimated PHV age, standing height, sitting height, estimated leg length, body mass and Yo-Yo IR1. In addition, it was identified that point guards reached estimated PHV at later age than their peers who act as small forwards and centers. Regarding CMJ, no significant differences were identified among playing positions, but in relation to aerobic power, point guards and small forwards presented higher performance. These findings confirm that maturation has great effect on growth and physical performance measures and the estimated PHV age is an applicable tool in young athletes, mainly aiding professionals in structuring the teaching-learning- training process in this age group.

scholarly journals Repeated Sprint Ability in Youth Soccer Players: Independent and Combined Effects of Relative Age and Biological Maturity

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
João P. Duarte ◽  
Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva ◽  
Daniela Costa ◽  
Diogo Martinho ◽  
Leonardo G. O. Luz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Repeated Sprint Ability ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
Sprint Ability

AbstractThe objective of the study was to examine the effects of the relative age effect (RAE) and predicted maturity status on body size and repeated sprint ability (RSA: 7 x 34.2 m / 25 s interval) in youth soccer. The sample was composed of 197 male players aged 13-14 years. Body mass, stature, and sitting height were measured, RSA was assessed in the field, and age at peak height velocity (APHV) was predicted. Factorial ANOVA tested the independent and combined effects of RAE given by birth quarters (BQs) and maturity status on dependent variables. Players born in the second birth quarter (BQ2) were significantly taller (F = 4.28, p < 0.01) than their peers born in BQ1 and BQ3. Additionally, players born in BQ2 performed better than players born in BQ4 in RSA total time and ideal time (F ranged between 4.81 and 4.90, p < 0.01), while players born in BQ1 exhibited a lower RSA fatigue index compared to those born in BQ4 (F = 2.90, p < 0.05). The interaction of the BQ and maturity status was a significant source of inter-individual variation for body size (F ranged between 64.92 and 105.57; p < 0.01) and RSA output (F ranged between 4.082 and 6.76; p < 0.05). In summary, being relatively older and, simultaneously, advanced in maturity status corresponds to a substantial advantage in characteristics that are related to soccer-specific fitness.

Aerobic power and pubertal peak height velocity in Belgian boys

1988 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bavo Vanden Eynde ◽  
Dirk Vienne ◽  
Magda Vuylsteke-Wauters ◽  
Dirk Van Gerven
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Power ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

scholarly journals Assessment of Reliability in Isokinetic Testing Among Adolescent Basketball Players

Medicina ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Carvalho ◽  
Manuel Coelho E Silva ◽  
Enio Ronque ◽  
Rui Gonçalves ◽  
Renaat Philippaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Isokinetic Strength ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Isokinetic Testing

Background. The reproducibility of day-to-day testing of isokinetic concentric and eccentric muscular actions among adolescent basketball players aged 14 to 16 years and relationships of mean within-subject variation in two isokinetic testing sessions with chronological age, biological maturation (estimated age at peak height velocity), training experience, body size, lower-body morphology, and initial strength performance were evaluated. Material and Methods. The sample included 27 basketball players who completed replicate test sessions of 5 repetitions of reciprocal concentric and eccentric knee extensions and flexions at 60º s–1. A randomly selected subsample of 8 players completed a third testing session to confirm reliability estimates. Results. Coefficients of variation (CV) between sessions 1 and 2 ranged from 8.1% to 17.4%, and intraclass coefficients (ICCs) ranged from 0.72 to 0.89. For sessions 1 and 3, CVs ranged from 3.9% to 6.0%, and ICCs ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. The initial level of strength of eccentric knee flexion (r=–0.43) and eccentric knee extension (r=–0.42) were correlated (P<0.05) with eccentric knee extension within-variation between two sessions. Training experience (r=–0.37, P<0.05) and initial values of concentric knee flexion (r=–0.62, P<0.01) were correlated with concentric knee flexion within-subject differences. Within-subject variation of eccentric knee extension was correlated (P<0.05) with chronologic age (r=0.41), estimated age at peak height velocity (r=–0.38), body size (r=0.41 to 0.47), and leg volume (r=0.39). Conclusions. Familiarization sessions may improve the reliability of concentric and eccentric knee isokinetic strength testing at 60º s–1 in adolescent basketball players. Age, maturity status, and training experience of young athletes should be considered when testing knee isokinetic strength at 60º s–1.

scholarly journals Are Early or Late Maturers Likely to Be Fitter in the General Population?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Alan M. Nevill ◽  
Yassine Negra ◽  
Tony D. Myers ◽  
Michael J. Duncan ◽  
Helmi Chaabene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Handgrip Strength ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Late Maturer ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Shape Ratio

The present study aims to identify the optimal body-size/shape and maturity characteristics associated with superior fitness test performances having controlled for body-size, sex, and chronological-age differences. The sample consisted of 597 Tunisian children (396 boys and 201 girls) aged 8 to 15 years. Three sprint speeds recorded at 10, 20 and 30 m; two vertical and two horizontal jump tests; a change-of-direction and a handgrip-strength tests, were assessed during physical-education classes. Allometric modelling was used to identify the benefit of being an early or late maturer. Findings showed that being tall and light is the ideal shape to be successful at most physical fitness tests, but the height-to-weight “shape” ratio seems to be test-dependent. Having controlled for body-size/shape, sex, and chronological age, the model identified maturity-offset as an additional predictor. Boys who go earlier/younger through peak-height-velocity (PHV) outperform those who go at a later/older age. However, most of the girls’ physical-fitness tests peaked at the age at PHV and decline thereafter. Girls whose age at PHV was near the middle of the age range would appear to have an advantage compared to early or late maturers. These findings have important implications for talent scouts and coaches wishing to recruit children into their sports/athletic clubs.

scholarly journals Breakfast: A Crucial Meal for Adolescents’ Cognitive Performance According to Their Nutritional Status. The Cogni-Action Project

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1320
Author(s):  
Humberto Peña-Jorquera ◽  
Valentina Campos-Núñez ◽  
Kabir P. Sadarangani ◽  
Gerson Ferrari ◽  
Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Action Project

This study aimed to determine whether pupils who have breakfast just before a cognitive demand, do not regularly skip breakfast, and consume a high-quality breakfast present higher cognitive performance than those who do not; furthermore, to establish differences according to their nutritional status. In this study, 1181 Chilean adolescents aged 10–14 years participated. A global cognitive score was computed through eight tasks, and the body mass index z-score (BMIz) was calculated using a growth reference for school-aged adolescents. The characteristics of breakfast were self-reported. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine differences in cognitive performance according to BMIz groups adjusted to sex, peak height velocity, physical fitness global score, and their schools. A positive association was found in adolescents’ cognitive performance when they had breakfast just before cognitive tasks, did not regularly skip breakfast, presented at least two breakfast quality components, and included dairy products. No significant differences were found between breakfast components, including cereal/bread and fruits/fruit juice. Finally, pupils who were overweight/obese who declared that they skipped breakfast regularly presented a lower cognitive performance than their normal-BMIz peers. These findings suggest that adolescents who have breakfast just prior to a cognitive demand and regularly have a high quality breakfast have better cognitive performance than those who do not. Educative nutritional strategies should be prioritized, especially in “breakfast skippers” adolescents living with overweight/obesity.

scholarly journals Growth in achondroplasia, from birth to adulthood, analysed by the JPA-2 model

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1589-1595
Author(s):  
Mariana del Pino ◽  
Virginia Fano ◽  
Paula Adamo
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Adult Height ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

AbstractObjectivesIn general population, there are three phases in the human growth curve: infancy, childhood and puberty, with different main factors involved in their regulation and mathematical models to fit them. Achondroplasia children experience a fast decreasing growth during infancy and an “adolescent growth spurt”; however, there are no longitudinal studies that cover the analysis of the whole post-natal growth. Here we analyse the whole growth curve from infancy to adulthood applying the JPA-2 mathematical model.MethodsTwenty-seven patients, 17 girls and 10 boys with achondroplasia, who reached adult size, were included. Height growth data was collected from birth until adulthood. Individual growth curves were estimated by fitting the JPA-2 model to each individual’s height for age data.ResultsHeight growth velocity curves show that after a period of fast decreasing growth velocity since birth, with a mean of 9.7 cm/year at 1 year old, the growth velocity is stable in late preschool years, with a mean of 4.2 cm/year. In boys, age and peak height velocity in puberty were 13.75 years and 5.08 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 130.52 cm. In girls, the age and peak height velocity in puberty were 11.1 years and 4.32 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 119.2 cm.ConclusionsThe study of individual growth curves in achondroplasia children by the JPA-2 model shows the three periods, infancy, childhood and puberty, with a similar shape but lesser in magnitude than general population.

scholarly journals Biological maturity and the anthropometric, physical and technical assessment of talent identified U16 Australian footballers

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley J Cripps ◽  
Christopher Joyce ◽  
Carl T Woods ◽  
Luke S Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Technical Skill ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
State Representation ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Biological Maturation ◽  
Australian Football

This study compared biological maturation, anthropometric, physical and technical skill measures between talent and non-talent identified junior Australian footballers. Players were recruited from the under 16 Western Australian Football League and classified as talent (state representation; n = 25, 15.7 ± 0.3 y) or non-talent identified (non-state representation; n = 25, 15.6 ± 0.4 y). Players completed a battery of anthropometric, physical and technical skill assessments. Maturity was estimated using years from peak height velocity calculations. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the variables demonstrating the strongest association with the main effect of ‘status’. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the level of discrimination provided by the strongest model. Talent identified under 16 players were biologically older, had greater stationary and dynamic leaps and superior handball skill when compared to their non-talent identified counterparts. The strongest model of status included standing height, non-dominant dynamic vertical jump and handball outcomes (AUC = 83.4%, CI = 72.1%–95.1%). Biological maturation influences anthropometric and physical capacities that are advantageous for performance in Australian football; talent identification methods should factor biological maturation as a confound in the search for junior players who are most likely to succeed in senior competition.

scholarly journals Somatic maturation and the relationship between bone mineral variables and types of sports among adolescents: cross-sectional study

2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete ◽  
Igor Hideki Ito ◽  
Han Kemper ◽  
Carlos Marcelo Pastre ◽  
Mário Antônio Rodrigues-Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Peak height velocity (PHV) is an important maturational event during adolescence that affects skeleton size. The objective here was to compare bone variables in adolescents who practiced different types of sports, and to identify whether differences in bone variables attributed to sports practice were dependent on somatic maturation status. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, São Paulo State University (UNESP). METHODS: The study was composed of 93 adolescents (12 to 16.5 years old), divided into three groups: no-sport group (n = 42), soccer/basketball group (n = 26) and swimming group (n = 25). Bone mineral density and content were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and somatic maturation was estimated through using peak height velocity. Data on training load were provided by the coaches. RESULTS: Adolescents whose PHV occurred at an older age presented higher bone mineral density in their upper limbs (P = 0.018). After adjustments for confounders, such as somatic maturation, the swimmers presented lower values for bone mineral density in their lower limbs, spine and whole body. Only the bone mineral density in the upper limbs was similar between the groups. There was a negative relationship between whole-body bone mineral content and the weekly training hours (β: -1563.967; 95% confidence interval, CI: -2916.484 to -211.450). CONCLUSION: The differences in bone variables attributed to sport practice occurred independently of maturation, while high training load in situations of hypogravity seemed to be related to lower bone mass in swimmers.

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