Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training on Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity and PBMC Gene Expression of Adiponectin Receptors in Healthy Adults

Background: A low-sodium (LS) diet reduces blood pressure, contributing to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, intense dietary sodium restriction impairs insulin sensitivity and worsens lipid profile. Considering the benefits of aerobic exercise training (AET), the effect of LS diet and AET in hepatic lipid content and gene expression was investigated in LDL receptor knockout (LDLr-KO) mice. Methods: Twelve-week-old male LDLr-KO mice fed a normal sodium (NS) or LS diet were kept sedentary (S) or trained (T) for 90 days. Body mass, plasma lipids, insulin tolerance testing, hepatic triglyceride (TG) content, gene expression, and citrate synthase (CS) activity were determined. Results were compared by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test. Results: Compared to NS, LS increased body mass and plasma TG, and impaired insulin sensitivity, which was prevented by AET. The LS-S group, but not the LS-T group, presented greater hepatic TG than the NS-S group. The LS diet increased the expression of genes related to insulin resistance (ApocIII, G6pc, Pck1) and reduced those involved in oxidative capacity (Prkaa1, Prkaa2, Ppara, Lipe) and lipoprotein assembly (Mttp). Conclusion: AET prevented the LS-diet-induced TG accumulation in the liver by improving insulin sensitivity and the expression of insulin-regulated genes and oxidative capacity.

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Aerobic exercise training conserves insulin sensitivity for 1 yr following weight loss in overweight women

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00843.2011 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 112 (4) ◽

pp. 688-693 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Gordon Fisher ◽

Gary R. Hunter ◽

Barbara A. Gower

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Whole Body ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Group Time

The objectives of this study were to 1) identify the independent effects of exercise (aerobic or resistance training) and weight loss on whole body insulin sensitivity and 2) determine if aerobic or resistance training would be more successful for maintaining improved whole body insulin sensitivity 1 yr following weight loss. Subjects were 97 healthy, premenopausal women, body mass index (BMI) 27–30 kg/m2. Following randomized assignment to one of three groups, diet only, diet + aerobic, or diet + resistance training until a BMI <25 kg/m2 was achieved, body composition, fat distribution, and whole body insulin sensitivity were determined at baseline, in the weight reduced state, and at 1-yr follow up. The whole body insulin sensitivity index (SI) was determined using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Results of repeated-measures ANOVA indicated a significant improvement in SI following weight loss. However, there were no group or group×time interactions. At 1-yr follow up, there were no significant time or group interactions for SI; however, there was a significant group×time interaction for SI. Post hoc analysis revealed that women in the aerobic training group showed a significant increased SI from weight reduced to 1-yr follow up ( P < 0.05), which was independent of intra-abdominal adipose tissue and %fat. No significant differences in SI from weight reduced to 1-yr follow up were observed for diet only or diet + resistance groups. Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that change in whole body insulin sensitivity from baseline to 1-yr follow up was independently associated with the change in V̇o2max from baseline to 1-yr follow up ( P < 0.05). These results suggest that long-term aerobic exercise training may conserve improvements in SI following weight loss and that maintaining cardiovascular fitness following weight loss may be important for maintaining improvements in SI.

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The impacts of an eight-week moderate aerobic exercise training on some gene expression involved in cholesterol metabolism in ovariectomized rats

Sport Sciences for Health ◽

10.1007/s11332-020-00701-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maryam Emamian Rostami ◽

Rozita Fathi ◽

Khadijeh Nasiri

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Ovariectomized Rats

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The roles of aerobic exercise training and suppression IL-6 gene expression by RNA interference in the development of insulin resistance

Cytokine ◽

10.1016/j.cyto.2012.11.027 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 394-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hui Tang ◽

Min-hao Xie ◽

Yu Lei ◽

Liang Zhou ◽

Yu-ping Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Rna Interference ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training

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Acute high-intensity aerobic exercise increases gene expression of calcium-related proteins and activates endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in diabetic hearts

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep200022 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

H.O. Ness ◽

K. Ljones ◽

M. Pinho ◽

M.A. Høydal

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Er Stress ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Mitochondrial Respiration ◽

High Intensity ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Contractile Function ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training

Regular aerobic exercise training has a wide range of beneficial cardiac effects, but recent data also show that acute very strenuous aerobic exercise may impose a transient cardiac exhaustion. The aim of this study was to assess the response to acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on properties of mitochondrial respiration, cardiomyocyte contractile function, Ca2+ handling and transcriptional changes for key proteins facilitating Ca2+ handling and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses in type 2 diabetic mice. Diabetic mice were assigned to either sedentary control or an acute bout of exercise, consisting of a 10×4 minutes high-intensity interval treadmill run. Mitochondrial respiration, contractile and Ca2+ handling properties of cardiomyocytes were analysed 1 hour after completion of exercise. Gene expression levels of key Ca2+ handling and ER stress response proteins were measured in cardiac tissue samples harvested 1 hour and 24 hours after exercise. We found no significant changes in mitochondrial respiration, cardiomyocyte contractile function or Ca2+ handling 1 hour after the acute exercise. However, gene expression of Atp2a2, Slc8a1 and Ryr2, encoding proteins involved in cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling, were all significantly upregulated 24 hours after the acute exercise bout. Acute exercise also altered gene expression of several key proteins in ER stress response and unfolded protein response, including Grp94, total Xbp1, Gadd34, and Atf6. The present results show that despite no significant alterations in functional properties of cardiomyocyte function, Ca2+ handling or mitochondrial respiration following one bout of high intensity aerobic exercise training, the expression of genes involved in Ca2+ handling and key components in ER stress and the unfolded protein response were changed. These transcriptional changes may constitute important steps in initiating adaptive remodelling to exercise training in type 2 diabetes.

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Epicardial fat gene expression after aerobic exercise training in pigs with coronary atherosclerosis: relationship to visceral and subcutaneous fat

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00621.2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 109 (6) ◽

pp. 1904-1912 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Joseph M. Company ◽

Frank W. Booth ◽

M. Harold Laughlin ◽

Arturo A. Arce-Esquivel ◽

Harold S. Sacks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Inflammatory Response ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Adipose Tissues ◽

Castrate Male

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is contiguous with coronary arteries and myocardium and potentially may play a role in coronary atherosclerosis (CAD). Exercise is known to improve cardiovascular disease risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise training on the expression of 18 genes, measured by RT-PCR and selected for their role in chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and adipocyte metabolism, in peri-coronary epicardial (cEAT), peri-myocardial epicardial (mEAT), visceral abdominal (VAT), and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues from a castrate male pig model of familial hypercholesterolemia with CAD. We tested the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training for 16 wk would reduce the inflammatory profile of mRNAs in both components of EAT and VAT but would have little effect on SAT. Exercise increased mEAT and total heart weights. EAT and heart weights were directly correlated. Compared with sedentary pigs matched for body weight to exercised animals, aerobic exercise training reduced the inflammatory response in mEAT but not cEAT, had no effect on inflammatory genes but preferentially decreased expression of adiponectin and other adipocyte-specific genes in VAT, and had no effect in SAT except that IL-6 mRNA went down and VEGFa mRNA went up. We conclude that 1) EAT is not homogeneous in its inflammatory response to aerobic exercise training, 2) cEAT around CAD remains proinflammatory after chronic exercise, 3) cEAT and VAT share similar inflammatory expression profiles but different metabolic mRNA responses to exercise, and 4) gene expression in SAT cannot be extrapolated to VAT and heart adipose tissues in exercise intervention studies.

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Gender-dependent effects of exercise training on serum leptin levels in humans

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.4.e562 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 272 (4) ◽

pp. E562-E566 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

M. S. Hickey ◽

J. A. Houmard ◽

R. V. Considine ◽

G. L. Tyndall ◽

J. B. Midgette ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Sensitivity Index ◽

Insulin Sensitivity Index ◽

Serum Leptin ◽

Body Fat Content

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is elevated in obese humans and appears to be closely related to body fat content. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise training on systemic leptin levels in humans. Eighteen sedentary middle-aged men (n = 9) and women (n = 9) who did not differ in aerobic capacity (29.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 27.5 +/- 1.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or insulin sensitivity index (3.41 +/- 1.12 vs. 4.88 +/- 0.55) were studied. Fat mass was significantly lower in females vs. males (21.83 +/- 2.25 vs. 26.99 +/- 2.37 kg, P < 0.05). Despite this, fasting serum leptin was significantly higher in the females vs. males (18.27 +/- 2.55 vs. 9.88 +/- 1.26 ng/ml, P < 0.05). Serum leptin concentration decreased 17.5% in females (P < 0.05) after 12 wk of aerobic exercise training (4 day/wk, 30-45 min/day) but was not significantly reduced in males. Fat mass was not altered after training in either group. In contrast, both aerobic capacity (+13% males, +9.1% females) and insulin sensitivity (+35% males, +82% females) were significantly improved subsequent to training. These data suggest that 1) women have higher circulating leptin concentrations despite lower fat mass and 2) exercise training appears to have a greater effect on systemic leptin levels in females than in males.

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Aerobic exercise training improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity, but reduces splanchnic glucose uptake in obese humans with type 2 diabetes

Nutrition and Diabetes ◽

10.1038/s41387-019-0090-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Justin M. Gregory ◽

James A. Muldowney ◽

Brian G. Engelhardt ◽

Regina Tyree ◽

Pam Marks-Shulman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Glucose Uptake ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training

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Relationship between V̇o2peak, cycle economy, and mitochondrial respiration in untrained/trained

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00223.2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 127 (6) ◽

pp. 1562-1568 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gary R. Hunter ◽

Douglas R. Moellering ◽

Samuel T. Windham ◽

Shannon L. Mathis ◽

Marcas M. Bamman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Mitochondrial Respiration ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Aerobic Exercise Training ◽

Whole Body ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Cycle Economy

Aerobic capacity is negatively related to locomotion economy. The purpose of this paper is to determine what effect aerobic exercise training has on the relationship between net cycling oxygen uptake (inverse of economy) and aerobic capacity [peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak)], as well as what role mitochondrial coupled and uncoupled respiration may play in whole body aerobic capacity and cycling economy. Cycling net oxygen uptake and V̇o2peak were evaluated on 31 premenopausal women before exercise training (baseline) and after 8–16 wk of aerobic training. Muscle tissue was collected from 15 subjects at baseline and post-training. Mitochondrial respiration assays were performed using high-resolution respirometry. Pre- ( r = 0.46, P < 0.01) and postexercise training ( r = 0.62, P < 0.01) V̇o2peak and cycling net oxygen uptake were related. In addition, uncoupled and coupled fat respiration were related both at baseline ( r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and post-training ( r = 0.89, P < 01). Post-training coupled ( r = 0.74, P < 0.01) and uncoupled carbohydrate respiration ( r = 0.52, P < 05) were related to cycle net oxygen uptake. In addition, correlations between V̇o2peak and cycle net oxygen uptake persist both at baseline and after training, even after adjusting for submaximal cycle respiratory quotient (an index of fat oxidation). These results suggest that the negative relationship between locomotion economy and aerobic capacity is increased following exercise training. In addition, it is proposed that at least one of the primary factors influencing this relationship has its foundation within the mitochondria. Strong relationships between coupled and uncoupled respiration appear to be contributing factors for this relationship. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The negative relationship between cycle economy and aerobic capacity is increased following exercise training. The strong relationship between coupled and uncoupled respiration, especially after training, appears to be contributing to this negative relationship between aerobic capacity and cycling economy, suggesting that mitochondrial economy is not increased following aerobic exercise training. These results are suggestive that training programs designed to improve locomotion economy should focus on changing biomechanics.

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