The Invention of Hypoxia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Richalet
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internet Research ◽  
Academic Environment ◽  
Current Topic ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
A Current

The word « hypoxia » has recently come to the attention of the general public in two occasions, the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 2019 and the recent COVID-19pandemics. In the academic environment, hypoxia is a current topic of research in biology, physiology and medicine: in October 2020, there were more than 150,000 occurrences of "hypoxia" in the PubMed database. However, the first occurrence is dated in 1945, while the interest for the effects of oxygen lack on the living organisms started in the mid 19thcentury, when scientists explored high altitude regions and mainly used the terms "anoxia" or "anoxemia". I therefore made an Internet research through multiple databases to look for the first appearance of "hypoxia" and related terms "hypoxemia" and "hypoxybiosis" in the scientific literature published in English, German, French, Italian and Spanish. Viault and Jolyet used "Hypohématose" in 1894, but this word was never used since. Hypoxybiosis appeared first in 1909 in Germany, then hypoxemia in 1923 in Austria and hypoxia in 1938 in Holland. It was then exported to United States where it appeared in 1940 in cardiology and anesthesiology. The clinical distinction between anoxia and hypoxia was clearly defined by Carl Wiggers in 1941. Hypoxia (decrease in oxygen), by essence variable in time and in localization in the body, in contrast with anoxia (absence of oxygen), illustrates the concept of homeodynamics that defines a living organism as a complex system in permanent instability, exposed to environmental and internal perturbations.

scholarly journals Changes in morphological composition of blood in rats under intragastric load with walnut meal

2021 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 02013
Author(s):  
Victor Leonov ◽  
Olga Pavlova ◽  
Olga Gulenko ◽  
Maxim Kislov ◽  
Pavel Boriskin
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Morphological Composition ◽  
Living Organisms

The basis for the existence of all living organisms is homeostasis. Any living organism is an open dynamic self-regulating system and self-regulation is based on the feedback principle. The use of biologically active substances, for example, plant meal, opens up great possibilities for modulation of physiological processes in the body. Walnut fruit meal also has a rich composition, contains almost all microelements, large amounts of protein as well as carotene, quinones, lecithin, water-soluble vitamins and flavonoids. The aim of the work was to study the adaptive changes in the morphological composition of rat blood to intragastric loading with walnut meal in the form of suspension on distilled water. The experiment was carried out on 60 white laboratory rats. Conclusion: intragastric loading with distilled water suspension of walnut meal in a concentration of 15 mg/100 g body weight of clinically healthy rats was accompanied by an increase in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration and leukocyte count by 6.8%, 7.0% and 9.6%, respectively, compared with the control group animals.

Neutral Lipids of Oats Fruit (Avena Sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
N. K. Yuldasheva ◽  
S. D. Gusakova ◽  
D. Kh. Nurullaeva ◽  
N. T. Farmanova ◽  
R. P. Zakirova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Active Substances

Introduction. Lipids are a widespread group of biologically active substances in nature, making up the bulk of the organic substances of all living organisms. They accumulate in plants in seeds, as well as in fruits and perform a number of vital functions: they are the main components of cell membranes and the energy reserve for the body.Aim. Study of neutral lipids of sown oats (Avena sativa L.).Materials and methods. The objects of the study were fruits (grains) of oats of the sown variety "Tashkent 1," harvested in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Results and discussions. Neutral lipids of oat grains have been found to contain 13 fatty acids with a predominance of the sum of oleic, linolenic and linoleic acids. The total degree of unsaturation was almost 78%. Absorption bands characteristic of these substances were observed in the IR spectrum of MEGC.Conclusion. According to the results of the NL analysis, oat grains consisted of triacylglycerides and free LCDs, which were accompanied by hydrocarbons, phytosterols, triterpenoids and tocopherols.

scholarly journals Dealing with PET radiometabolites

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Kanta Ghosh ◽  
Parasuraman Padmanabhan ◽  
Chang-Tong Yang ◽  
Sachin Mishra ◽  
Christer Halldin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Pet Tracer ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Structural Identity ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Entire Amount

Abstract Positron emission tomography (PET) offers the study of biochemical, physiological, and pharmacological functions at a cellular and molecular level. The performance of a PET study mostly depends on the used radiotracer of interest. However, the development of a novel PET tracer is very difficult, as it is required to fulfill a lot of important criteria. PET radiotracers usually encounter different chemical modifications including redox reaction, hydrolysis, decarboxylation, and various conjugation processes within living organisms. Due to this biotransformation, different chemical entities are produced, and the amount of the parent radiotracer is declined. Consequently, the signal measured by the PET scanner indicates the entire amount of radioactivity deposited in the tissue; however, it does not offer any indication about the chemical disposition of the parent radiotracer itself. From a radiopharmaceutical perspective, it is necessary to quantify the parent radiotracer’s fraction present in the tissue. Hence, the identification of radiometabolites of the radiotracers is vital for PET imaging. There are mainly two reasons for the chemical identification of PET radiometabolites: firstly, to determine the amount of parent radiotracers in plasma, and secondly, to rule out (if a radiometabolite enters the brain) or correct any radiometabolite accumulation in peripheral tissue. Besides, radiometabolite formations of the tracer might be of concern for the PET study, as the radiometabolic products may display considerably contrasting distribution patterns inside the body when compared with the radiotracer itself. Therefore, necessary information is needed about these biochemical transformations to understand the distribution of radioactivity throughout the body. Various published review articles on PET radiometabolites mainly focus on the sample preparation techniques and recently available technology to improve the radiometabolite analysis process. This article essentially summarizes the chemical and structural identity of the radiometabolites of various radiotracers including [11C]PBB3, [11C]flumazenil, [18F]FEPE2I, [11C]PBR28, [11C]MADAM, and (+)[18F]flubatine. Besides, the importance of radiometabolite analysis in PET imaging is also briefly summarized. Moreover, this review also highlights how a slight chemical modification could reduce the formation of radiometabolites, which could interfere with the results of PET imaging. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Enzymes, Reacting with Organophosphorus Compounds as Detoxifiers: Diversity and Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1761
Author(s):  
Ilya Lyagin ◽  
Elena Efremenko
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Living Organisms

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are able to interact with various biological targets in living organisms, including enzymes. The binding of OPCs to enzymes does not always lead to negative consequences for the body itself, since there are a lot of natural biocatalysts that can catalyze the chemical transformations of the OPCs via hydrolysis or oxidation/reduction and thereby provide their detoxification. Some of these enzymes, their structural differences and identity, mechanisms, and specificity of catalytic action are discussed in this work, including results of computational modeling. Phylogenetic analysis of these diverse enzymes was specially realized for this review to emphasize a great area for future development(s) and applications.

scholarly journals Power Failure of Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegeneration and Its Computational Models

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
JunHyuk Woo ◽  
Hyesun Cho ◽  
YunHee Seol ◽  
Soon Ho Kim ◽  
Chanhyeok Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mitochondrial Functions ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The brain needs more energy than other organs in the body. Mitochondria are the generator of vital power in the living organism. Not only do mitochondria sense signals from the outside of a cell, but they also orchestrate the cascade of subcellular events by supplying adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP), the biochemical energy. It is known that impaired mitochondrial function and oxidative stress contribute or lead to neuronal damage and degeneration of the brain. This mini-review focuses on addressing how mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. In addition, we discuss state-of-the-art computational models of mitochondrial functions in relation to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Together, a better understanding of brain disease-specific mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress can pave the way to developing antioxidant therapeutic strategies to ameliorate neuronal activity and prevent neurodegeneration.

Galvanotropic Reactions of Polycelis nigra in Relation to Inherent Electrical Polarity

1927 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-88
Author(s):  
J. ARMITAGE ROBERTSON
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
The Body ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Electrical Currents ◽  
Turning Mechanism ◽  
Electrical Polarity ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Physiological Gradients ◽  
A Current

The galvanotropic reactions of Polycelis nigra were investigated in constant and "intermittent" (that is, a current showing slight commutator ripple) electrical currents, varying in strength from one to about ten milliamperes. Galvanotropic reactions were most readily forthcoming at about 2 m.a. constant current, higher current strengths producing signs of discomfort or rigor, and intermittent current being slightly more effective in producing such disturbances than constant current. As a rule, Polycelis places itself longitudinally, with head facing the kathode, and moves thither by means of looping, its normal gliding motion being in abeyance. If facing the kathode on application of the current, it simply loops forward, but if moving parallel to the electrodes it turns its anterior end first, and then movesmore or less directly towards the kathode. If previously facing the anode, a turn in the direction of the kathode is usually accomplished only after more or less headwaving and apparent difficulty or hesitation. Decapitate animals, if facing the anode in the current, at some time or other almost invariably loop backwards to the kathode, tail foremost, for a varying number of times, before turning their anterior end to the kathode and orientating normally. This was never observed in normal animals. Decaudate animals behave like unmutilated individuals. Decapitate-and-decaudate Polycelis (middle-pieces) reactin the same manner as do decapitate specimens, i.e. show backward looping. Longitudinal halves of Polycelis are usually curved towards the injured side, and show little or no movement, either in or out of the current; it is supposed that this curvature is mechanical and the result of the injury. Higher amperages (above 2 m.a.) produce, progressively, cessation of forward movement with twisting and apparent discomfort, and, finally, flattening of the kathodic end of the body. This last reaction is often accompanied by various postures, presumably the result of arrested movement. An explanation of these reactions, in normal and unmutilated animals, is attempted, based on the supposed interaction of the experimental current with the external portion of an inherent electrical circuit. If this inherent circuit be obstructed it is suggested that the metabolic activities, with which it is apparently correlated, are to some extent upset. Further, that to avoid this derangement, and concomitant malaise, the animals orientate themselves so that the experimental current does not flow counter to the external portion of their inherent circuit; that the turning mechanism of the flanks which affects this orientation can be explained upon similar grounds; finally that backward looping can be explained as a transference of control or dominance to the tail end, due to the combined inhibitory action of mutilation and of a contrary experimental current upon the normal physiological gradients at the anterior end. A variety of points related to the theory, and some cases of galvanotropism bearing on the work, together with their theoretical explanations, are discussed.

Iron Homeostasis and Disorders in Dogs and Cats: A Review

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. McCown ◽  
Andrew J. Specht
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
Living Organisms

Iron is an essential element for nearly all living organisms and disruption of iron homeostasis can lead to a number of clinical manifestations. Iron is used in the formation of both hemoglobin and myoglobin, as well as numerous enzyme systems of the body. Disorders of iron in the body include iron deficiency anemia, anemia of inflammatory disease, and iron overload. This article reviews normal iron metabolism, disease syndromes of iron imbalance, diagnostic testing, and treatment of either iron deficiency or excess. Recent advances in diagnosing iron deficiency using reticulocyte indices are reviewed.

scholarly journals Habitat partitioning, habits and convergence among coastal nektonic fish species from the São Sebastião Channel, southeastern Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Zaniolo Gibran
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Divergent Evolution ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Ecological Performance ◽  
Intimate Link

Based on a fish survey and preliminary underwater observations, 17 "morphotypes" were identified that characterize the morphological diversity found within 27 nektonic fish species sampled at São Sebastião Channel. Such "morphotypes" were studied using an ecomorphological approach, with the intention to investigate similarities and differences in shape and habits. Underwater field observations were also performed, to verify if the lifestyle of these species, such as vertical occupation of the water column and the habitat use, are in accordance with their distribution in the morphospace. The results, complemented with data from scientific literature on the taxonomy and phylogenies of these species, allowed discussing some of the typical cases of convergent and divergent evolution. Some of the ecomorphological clusters had no phylogenetic support although this is probably due to the environmental conditions in which theirs members have evolved. The body shape and fins positions of a fish clearly influence its ecological performance and habitat use, corroborating the ecomorphological hypothesis on the intimate link between phenotype and ecology.

scholarly journals FAILURE ANALYSIS AND REDESIGNING OF INTERNAL FIXATION SCREWS

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seshasai Srihari Hanuma Ravinuthala ◽  
B Sai Sri Harshita
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Internal Fixation ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Operational Procedure ◽  
Fixation Screw ◽  
Quality Checks ◽  
Reliable Design ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Operational Failure

Its highly impossible for false proofing the super structures or mechanisms or the metallurgical methods after installation so they are perfectly engineered and dispatched only after a series of quality checks which has a proper methodology. If this is the scenario with the non living structure's components if they were engineered without errors. There must be some more intensity with the living organisms. living organisms are not engineered but the engineering of the ailments or aids which support the life of living organism must be error free and perfect also must be ready to use. In this context it's pity that there is no perfect operational procedure for internal fixation of fractures this thesis Is focused on that area and aimed to derive a reliable design of internal fixation screw which is designed in contrast with conventional screw This project is stimulation out from two case studies of operational failure implant removal.

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