Two-year citations of JAPPL original articles: evidence of a relative age effect

Several indicators have been used to analyze scientific journals, with the impact factor and the number of citations in a 2-yr calendar time frame (2-YRC) being the most common factors. However, considering that the Journal of Applied Physiology (JAPPL) appears monthly and that calculations of these indicators are based on citations of papers published in previous years, we hypothesized that articles published at the beginning of the year would be cited more in the 2-YRC compared with those appearing in the last issues of the year, a phenomena known as a relative age effect. Our objective was to confirm the existence of a relative age effect in the 2-YRC for original articles published in JAPPL. From 2005 to 2008, a total of 1,726 original articles were published, according to the Web of Science, and 9,973 citations in 2-YRC, varying from 0 to 45, with a mean of 5.78 for individual papers. Although there were no differences in the number of original articles published in a given month ( P = 0.99), the 2-YRC varied considerably throughout the year, being higher for those earlier issues of the year, as shown by the linear regression analysis ( r2 = 0.76; P < 0.001). The 2-YRC began at 6.62 during the first 3 mo of the year, dropping by 10% at each 3-mo period. In summary, the longer an article has been out there, the more citations it collects. The relative age effect is a potential confounding variable for the assessment and interpretation of 2-YRC (using calendar years) from JAPPL original articles.

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Identifying talented track and field athletes: The impact of relative age effect on selection to the Spanish National Athletics Federation training camps

Journal of Sports Sciences ◽

10.1080/02640414.2016.1260151 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 35 (22) ◽

pp. 2172-2178 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Javier Brazo-Sayavera ◽

María Asunción Martínez-Valencia ◽

Lisa Müller ◽

Georgios Andronikos ◽

Russell J. J. Martindale

Keyword(s):

Age Effect ◽

Track And Field ◽

Relative Age ◽

Relative Age Effect ◽

The Impact

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Prevalence and Impact of the Relative Age Effect on Competition Performance in Swimming: A Systematic Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182010561 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (20) ◽

pp. 10561

Author(s):

Jorge Lorenzo-Calvo ◽

Alfonso de la Rubia ◽

Daniel Mon-López ◽

Monica Hontoria-Galán ◽

Moises Marquina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Age Effect ◽

Average Score ◽

Competitive Swimming ◽

Relative Age ◽

Relative Age Effect ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact ◽

Effective Design

This systematic review aimed to examine the prevalence of the relative age effect (RAE) in swimming and its impact on competition performance according to different types of interacting constraints. A systematic literature search, following the PRISMA guidelines for preparing systematic reviews, was performed through four electronic databases, and nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated using STROBE, and an average score of 16.2 points was obtained. In these studies, the prevalence of the RAE in swimming was observed in more than half (58.65%) of the participants analysed, and the effect of the RAE was more accentuated in young categories (decreased as age increased and was inverted in older ones) and in male swimmers (double that in female swimmers).The impact of the RAE on competitive performance appeared to be related to the strength demands of the event, as the performance in simultaneous strokes, in shorter events, and of swimmers in the postadolescence period seems to be more affected by the RAE. These results indicate that the RAE in competitive swimming relies on individual and environmental (the swimmer’s age group and gender) but also task (the competitive events) determinants or limitations. This should serve as a guide for a more effective design of selection and development procedures for young athletes.

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The Relative Age Effect in Czech U14 Male and Female Tennis Players in 2007–2016

Studia sportiva ◽

10.5817/sts2021-2-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 50-60

Author(s):

Roman Koloničný

Keyword(s):

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Age Effect ◽

Goodness Of Fit Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

Male And Female ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Relative Age ◽

Relative Age Effect ◽

Junior Tennis ◽

The Impact

The issue of the Relative Age Effect (RAE) has been long researched, discussed and published both in the academic and coaching community and the number of studies on it in various sports has significantly grown in recent years. The aim of this study was to verify the existence of RAE among Czech male (n = 6552) and female (n = 4131) junior tennis players and to identify possible differences in birthdate effect between male and female players. The research was carried out in players registered in the years 2007–2016 in the U14 age category in Czech Tennis Association (CTA) database; the athletes were divided into three subgroups (‘Ranked’, ‘Top 100’, ‘Top 10’). Research data were analysed by the methods of descriptive and inferential statistics: relative and absolute frequency, chi-square goodness of fit test () and chi-square test of independence () with the use of effect size (ES index w). A declining tendency of frequencies from Q1 to Q4 between male and female junior players was proven in all three subgroups.In the whole period of 2007–2016, a significant and strong RAE was demonstrated only in the ‘Top 10’ male subgroup (RAE was significant and ES was small or trivial in the other two subgroups). Among the female players, RAE was significant in all three subgroups (ES was small or trivial). Gender differences in RAE in favour of male players were significant in ‘Top 100’ and ‘Ranked’ (ES was small or trivial in all three subgroups). In the short and long term, RAE can have significant implications for the sport development of athletes; both coaches and the professional public can therefore be recommended to pay attention to this issue. The impact of RAE in sport, i.e. the uneven distribution of athletes’ birthdates, is more pronounced especially among junior athletes and often significantly affects their sports development and career.

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The Impact of Relative Age Effect on Mathematics Achievement

International Education Studies ◽

10.5539/ies.v12n6p39 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 39

Author(s):

Ali Ünal

Keyword(s):

Mathematics Achievement ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Age Effect ◽

Mathematics Scores ◽

Relative Age ◽

Relative Age Effect ◽

Service Training ◽

Honors Classes ◽

The Impact ◽

Timss 2015

The timing of children’s start to school is the interest of researchers, policy-makers and especially parents. Researches on this issue have recently pointed to the concept of relative age effect (RAE). The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of RAE on mathematics achievement in Turkey. In order to accomplish this purpose, the question was sought: Does RAE have an impact on TIMSS 2015 the fourth and eighth grades mathematics scores of Turkey? The research was conducted in survey model. In the present study, the data obtained from the TIMSS 2015 results of Turkey was used. Totally 6456 students were sampled for TIMSS 2015 the fourth grade in 242 schools. Also, totally 6079 students (2943 girls and 3136 boys) were sampled for TIMSS 2015 the eighth grade in 218 schools. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the data. In conclusion, it has been reached that RAE has an impact on TIMSS 2015 the fourth and eighth grades mathematics scores of Turkey and the youngest children born just before the cut-off date has the worst performance. The recommendations based on the results have been submitted as making the enrollment dates more flexible, especially for children in rural areas, not applying honors classes in schools, raising awareness about RAE in pre-service and in-service training programs for teachers, no pressure on children at home and at school for their lagging in competition.

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THE STATUS OF SELECTION OF YOUNG BASKETBALL PLAYERS IN A TEAM ACCORDING TO THE IMPACT OF THE RELATIVE AGE EFFECT ON MOTORIC PERFORMANCE

INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDICS TRAUMATOLOGY AND SPORTS MEDICINE ◽

10.17372/otshd.2017.3.4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 0 (11) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Selin BAİKOĞLU ◽

Mehmet HOCAOĞLU

Keyword(s):

Age Effect ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Relative Age ◽

Relative Age Effect ◽

The Status ◽

The Impact ◽

Selection Of

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Moderating factors influence the relative age effect in Australian cricket

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.6867 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e6867 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jonathan D. Connor ◽

Ian Renshaw ◽

Kenji Doma

Keyword(s):

Age Distribution ◽

State Level ◽

Age Effect ◽

Male And Female ◽

Relative Age ◽

Relative Age Effect ◽

Left Handed ◽

Moderating Factors ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Background The relative age effect is a commonly occurring phenomenon whereby there is a tendency for relatively older players to be over-represented during high level competitions. This effect is often seen to diminish as player’s age, however, there has been far less investigation on other potential moderating factors. Method This study investigated the impact of the relative age effect, and potential moderating factors, within the talent selection process of Australian cricket. Relative age distribution of 2,415 male and female junior and senior state level cricket players, who played in the Junior National Championships or State competition (senior level) between 2011 and 2015, were analysed. Results Players born in the first quartile of the cricket season were significantly over-represented in both male Under-15, Under-17, Under-19 and female Under-15 and Under-18 levels. However, there was no significant difference at the senior state level for either male or female cricketers. Further investigation of the relative age effect in the junior talent pathway revealed that male all-rounders, batters and pace bowlers, and female all-rounders and batters, born in first quartile were over-represented. Right-handed batters and bowlers were also influenced by the relative age effect at all Junior National levels, while left-handed batters and bowlers were only influenced at the Under-15 and Under-17 levels. These results highlight the impact relative age has on junior cricket talent pathways, including sex, age, handedness and primary skills. Only state level, and left-handedness at the Under-19 level, were unaffected by relative age. Discussion The findings of this study highlight the influence of relative age effects for both male and female junior cricket players. Interestingly, there may be an advantage to being left-handed that is more prevalent at the older (male Under-19; female Under-18) age levels.

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The relative age effect in German 11- to 18-year-old male and female swimmers

German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research ◽

10.1007/s12662-020-00677-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 453-462

Author(s):

Ilka Staub ◽

Robert K. Stallman ◽

Tobias Vogt

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Age Effect ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Relative Age ◽

Relative Age Effect ◽

Birth Month ◽

Older Athletes ◽

Time Period ◽

Coaching Training ◽

The Impact

Abstract Relatively older athletes have a greater probability of being selected and subsequently exposed to a higher level of coaching, training and other talent-promoting factors. Grouping by chronological age is, therefore, considered to be one of the weaknesses in talent identification. A large number of studies have confirmed the prevalence of the relative age effect (RAE) across various sports, including swimming. This investigation aims to quantify the prevalence, magnitude and transient pattern of the RAE according to sex and events across German swimmers. The RAE was examined top-100 ranked swimmers (2004–2013) according to birth month, of three cohorts (born 1993–1995; n = 3630) for the age groups 11–18. The Χ2 tests and Cramer’s V estimated effect sizes; odd’s ratios and confidence intervals calculated relative discrepancies between the quartiles. The RAE is significantly present over all events for female swimmers until 13–15 and for males until 16–18 years of age. Effect sizes were moderate until 12/13 years of age for females and 14/15 years of age for males. No inverted effects were visible. Compared to previous reports on Australian as well as Portuguese cohorts, the RAE was prevalent over a longer time period. Therefore, the impact of negative outcomes from RAE appears to be greater among German age group swimmers.

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