The cross education of strength and skill following unilateral strength training in the upper and lower limbs

Cross education is the strength gain or skill improvement transferred to the contralateral limb following unilateral training or practice. The present study examined the transfer of both strength and skill following a strength training program. Forty participants (20M, 20F) completed a 6-wk unilateral training program of dominant wrist flexion or dorsiflexion. Strength, force variability, and muscle activity were assessed pretraining, posttraining, and following 6 wk of detraining (retention). Analyses of covariance compared the experimental limb (trained or untrained) to the control (dominant or nondominant). There were no sex differences in the training response. Cross education of strength at posttraining was 6% ( P < 0.01) in the untrained arm and 13% ( P < 0.01) in the untrained leg. Contralateral strength continued to increase following detraining to 15% in the arm ( P < 0.01) and 14% in the leg ( P < 0.01). There was no difference in strength gains between upper and lower limbs ( P > 0.05). Cross education of skill (force variability) demonstrated greater improvements in the untrained limbs compared with the control limbs during contractions performed without concurrent feedback. Significant increases in V-wave amplitude ( P = 0.02) and central activation ( P < 0.01) were highly correlated with contralateral strength gains. There was no change in agonist amplitude or motor unit firing rates in the untrained limbs ( P > 0.05). The neuromuscular mechanisms mirrored the force increases at posttraining and retention supporting central drive adaptations of cross education. The continued strength increases at retention identified the presence of motor learning in cross education, as confirmed by force variability. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: We examined cross education of strength and skill following 6 wk of unilateral training and 6 wk of detraining. A novel finding was the continued increase in contralateral strength following both training and detraining. Neuromuscular adaptations were highly correlated with strength gains in the trained and contralateral limbs. Motor learning was evident in the trained and contralateral limbs during contractions performed without concurrent feedback.

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Efecto de un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza sobre IGF-1 en adultos mayores con obesidad e hipertensión controlada (Effect of a strength training program on IGF-1 in older adults with obesity and controlled hypertension)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i39.74723 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 253-256

Author(s):

Rogelio Galaviz Berelleza ◽

Marina Trejo Trejo ◽

Juan Carlos Borbón Román ◽

Edgar Ismael Alarcón Meza ◽

Heriberto Antonio Pineda Espejel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Strength Training ◽

Training Program ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Strength Loss ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Hormone Production ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Anabolic Hormone

Introducción: A medida que se presenta el envejecimiento, los músculos disminuyen su tamaño y fuerza. La pérdida de masa muscular puede causar una disminución general de la función metabólica asociada a una baja producción hormonal anabólica y riesgo de lesión. La disminución de los niveles séricos de GH e IGF-1 debido al incremento de la edad pueden promover la fragilidad al contribuir a la pérdida de masa muscular y fuerza objetivo: Determinar efecto de un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza sobre IGF-1 en adultos mayores con obesidad e hipertensión controlada. Método: 8 adultos mayores con obesidad e hipertensión controlada, realizaron 6 semanas de entrenamiento de la fuerza con intensidades del 70% del 1RM, con una frecuencia de 4 veces por semana, previo al protocolo de entrenamiento se determinó triglicéridos, colesterol, glucosa e IGF-1 en sangre y medidas antropométricas (talla, peso, % grasa y masa muscular). Se aplicó un test de una repetición máxima (1RM) para evaluar la fuerza máxima en el tren superior e inferior antes y después del programa de entrenamiento. Resultados: Se observó un aumento significativo (p<0.05) en los niveles séricos de IGF-1, después de la realización del programa de entrenamiento. Conclusión: El entrenamiento de la fuerza con intensidades del 70% de la 1RM y frecuencia 4 realizado durante 6 semanas en adultos mayores con obesidad e hipertensión controlada, produjo incrementos en la concentración sérica de IGF-1 y un incremento de la fuerza muscular. Abstract. Introduction: As people age, muscles decrease in size and strength. Loss of muscle mass can cause a general decrease of metabolic function associated with low anabolic hormone production and risk of injury. The decrease in serum levels of GH and IGF-1 due to aging can provoke fragility by contributing to the loss of muscle mass and strength. Purpose: To determine the effect of a strength training program on IGF-1 in older adults with obesity and controlled hypertension. Method: a sample of 8 older adults with obesity and controlled hypertension performed 6 weeks of strength training with intensities of 70% 1RM and 10RM, with a frequency of 4 times per week. Prior to the protocol of Training, triglycerides, cholesterol, blood glucose IGF-1, and anthropometric measures (size, weight, % fat and muscle mass) were determined. The test of one maximum repetition (1rm) was performed to evaluate maximum force in upper and lower limbs before and after the training program. Results: A significant increase (p <0.05) was observed in serum IGF-1 levels after the completion of training program. Conclusion: Strength training with intensities of 70% of 1RM and frequency of 4 days/week, carried out for 6 weeks, produced increases in serum IGF-1 concentration and increased muscle strength in older adults with obesity and controlled hypertension.

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The impact of strength training on the improvement of jumping ability and selected power parameters of the lower limbs in soccer players

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity ◽

10.29359/bjhpa.13.1.09 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 83-90

Author(s):

PATRICIA FISCHEROVA ◽

MAGDALENA NITYCHORUK ◽

WOJCIECH SMOLKA ◽

MARCIN ZAK ◽

ARTUR GOLAS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Training Program ◽

Body Height ◽

Skills Training ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Control Group ◽

Football Training ◽

The Impact ◽

Experimental Group

Introduction: The aim of the study was to compare the impact of a 6-week program combined with football training and strength training on strength and power parameters in highly trained soccer players. It was hypothesized that 6 weeks would be enough for the experimental group to improve their jumping ability and pushing power. Material and methods: The study involved 34 female footballers playing in Ekstraliga (age: 22 ± 5 years; body height: 167 ± 5 cm; body weight: 60 ± 8 kg). The contestants were divided into an experimental group and a control group of 17 people in each group. The control group performed football trainings combined with 2 additional strength units (50% 1RM load) 3 times a week. The experimental group, apart from football trainings, additionally performed 2 strength trainings per week (50–85% 1RM load). Results: The results of the experiment show a significant improvement in the height of the vertical jump and bench press while sitting in the experimental group CMJ (p <0.05; p = 0.000029; ES: 1.00; 11%), CMJA (p <0.05; p = 0 00003; ES = 1.09; 13%), and LP (p <0.05; p = 0.027681; ES = 0.48; 6%), while in the control group the changes in the results after the training program were statistically insignificant CMJ (p> 0.05; p = 0.274000; ES: 0.07, 1%), CMJA (p> 0.05; p = 0.350958 ES = 0.27, 3%), and LP (p> 0.05; p = 0.130153; ES = 0.27; 4%). Conclusion: The presented research results suggest that a short, six-week training program including general football training and strength training performed twice a week with loads gradually increasing during the preparatory period may significantly improve the strength and jumping parameters of the lower limbs in soccer players. Such information can be valuable at the stage of training in the field of special skills training in football.

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Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Force Accuracy and Steadiness Changes after a 12-Week Strength Training Program in Young Healthy Men

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym13112226 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2226

Author(s):

Rafał Szafraniec ◽

Tadeusz Stefaniak ◽

Dariusz Harmaciński ◽

Michał Kuczyński

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Training Program ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Matching Task ◽

Healthy Men ◽

Force Matching ◽

Limb Asymmetry ◽

The Impact ◽

Force Accuracy

The study aimed to investigate the impact of a 12-week strength training program on force accuracy and steadiness changes in lower limbs in young healthy men. Twenty subjects with a dominant right lower limb were included. They performed a force matching task both pre and post strength training program. The ability to reproduce force was determined by calculating three errors: absolute error (AE), constant error (CE), and variable error (VE). After intervention AE and VE improved in both legs indicating higher improvement in the dominant leg (p = 0.032 for AE and p = 0.005 for VE). However, CE improved only in the dominant leg (p = 0.001). We conclude that strength training improved the accuracy and consistency of force in a force reproduction task. This improvement was more evident in the dominant lower limb. Most likely, the inter-limb asymmetry in changes of force application ability caused by strength training is due to the different mechanisms responsible for the control of voluntary movements in the dominant and non-dominant lower limb.

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Can maximal handgrip strength and endurance be improved by an 8-week specialized strength training program in older women? A randomized controlled study

Hand Surgery and Rehabilitation ◽

10.1016/j.hansur.2020.11.007 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

V. Gerodimos ◽

K. Karatrantou ◽

K. Kakardaki ◽

P. Ioakimidis

Keyword(s):

Strength Training ◽

Training Program ◽

Older Women ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Randomized Controlled Study ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Successful Dissemination of a Community-Based Strength Training Program for Older Adults by Peer and Professional Leaders: The People Exercising Program

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society ◽

10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02010.x ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 56 (12) ◽

pp. 2323-2329 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Jennifer E. Layne ◽

Susan E. Sampson ◽

Charlotte J. Mallio ◽

Patricia L. Hibberd ◽

John L. Griffith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Strength Training ◽

Training Program ◽

Community Based ◽

The People

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Implementation of a Strength Training Program for a 5-Year-Old Child With Poor Body Awareness and Developmental Coordination Disorder

Physical Therapy ◽

10.2522/ptj.20060170 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 455-467 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Linda B Kaufman ◽

Denise L Schilling

Keyword(s):

Physical Therapy ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Strength Training ◽

Training Program ◽

Motor Function ◽

Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Body Awareness ◽

Position Sense ◽

Coordination Disorder

Background and Purpose This case report describes how a strength (muscle force-generating capacity) training program was associated with changes in muscle strength, motor function, and proprioceptive position sense in a young child with poor body awareness and a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder. Case Description Assessment of a prekindergarten child referred for physical therapy because of behaviors compatible with poor body awareness revealed muscle weakness, poor performance on the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, and poor proprioception. Physical therapy testing done when the child was 5 years of age contributed to a pediatrician-assigned diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder. A 12-week strength training program was initiated. Outcomes Improvements were noted in muscle strength, gross motor function, and proprioception. Discussion Research indicates that muscles provide information about joint position. Evidence suggests that muscle strength gains seen in children are the result of neuromuscular learning and neural adaptations; therefore, a structured strength training program may have contributed to proprioceptive changes in this child.

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