scholarly journals Platelets in Pulmonary Immune Responses and Inflammatory Lung Diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 1211-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Middleton ◽  
Andrew S. Weyrich ◽  
Guy A. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Sense And Respond

Platelets are essential for physiological hemostasis and are central in pathological thrombosis. These are their traditional and best known activities in health and disease. In addition, however, platelets have specializations that broaden their functional repertoire considerably. These functional capabilities, some of which are recently discovered, include the ability to sense and respond to infectious and immune signals and to act as inflammatory effector cells. Human platelets and platelets from mice and other experimental animals can link the innate and adaptive limbs of the immune system and act across the immune continuum, often also linking immune and hemostatic functions. Traditional and newly recognized facets of the biology of platelets are relevant to defensive, physiological immune responses of the lungs and to inflammatory lung diseases. The emerging view of platelets as blood cells that are much more diverse and versatile than previously thought further predicts that additional features of the biology of platelets and of megakaryocytes, the precursors of platelets, will be discovered and that some of these will also influence pulmonary immune defenses and inflammatory injury.

scholarly journals Directing T-Cell Immune Responses for Cancer Vaccination and Immunotherapy

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1392
Author(s):  
Peter Lawrence Smith ◽  
Katarzyna Piadel ◽  
Angus George Dalgleish
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Cancer Vaccination ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
T Cell Immune Responses ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Primary Effector

Cancer vaccination and immunotherapy revolutionised the treatment of cancer, a result of decades of research into the immune system in health and disease. However, despite recent breakthroughs in treating otherwise terminal cancer, only a minority of patients respond to cancer immunotherapy and some cancers are largely refractive to immunotherapy treatment. This is due to numerous issues intrinsic to the tumour, its microenvironment, or the immune system. CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T-cells emerged as the primary effector cells of the anti-tumour immune response but their function in cancer patients is often compromised. This review details the mechanisms by which T-cell responses are hindered in the setting of cancer and refractive to immunotherapy, and details many of the approaches under investigation to direct T-cell function and improve the efficacy of cancer vaccination and immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Skin Immune Landscape: Inside and Outside the Organism

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Abdallah ◽  
Lily Mijouin ◽  
Chantal Pichon
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Skin Immune System ◽  
The Impact

The skin is an essential organ to the human body protecting it from external aggressions and pathogens. Over the years, the skin was proven to have a crucial immunological role, not only being a passive protective barrier but a network of effector cells and molecular mediators that constitute a highly sophisticated compound known as the “skin immune system” (SIS). Studies of skin immune sentinels provided essential insights of a complex and dynamic immunity, which was achieved through interaction between the external and internal cutaneous compartments. In fact, the skin surface is cohabited by microorganisms recognized as skin microbiota that live in complete harmony with the immune sentinels and contribute to the epithelial barrier reinforcement. However, under stress, the symbiotic relationship changes into a dysbiotic one resulting in skin disorders. Hence, the skin microbiota may have either positive or negative influence on the immune system. This review aims at providing basic background information on the cutaneous immune system from major cellular and molecular players and the impact of its microbiota on the well-coordinated immune responses in host defense.

scholarly journals Enteric neuroimmune interactions coordinate intestinal responses in health and disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haozhe Wang ◽  
Jaime P. P. Foong ◽  
Nicola L. Harris ◽  
Joel C. Bornstein
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Neuroimmune Interactions ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Post Infectious

AbstractThe enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract interacts with the local immune system bidirectionally. Recent publications have demonstrated that such interactions can maintain normal GI functions during homeostasis and contribute to pathological symptoms during infection and inflammation. Infection can also induce long-term changes of the ENS resulting in the development of post-infectious GI disturbances. In this review, we discuss how the ENS can regulate and be regulated by immune responses and how such interactions control whole tissue physiology. We also address the requirements for the proper regeneration of the ENS and restoration of GI function following the resolution of infection.

Marsupial immunology bounding ahead

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Belov ◽  
Robert D. Miller ◽  
Julie M. Old ◽  
Lauren J. Young
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Tasmanian Devil ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Gene Architecture ◽  
Developmental Immunology ◽  
Immunological Assays ◽  
Recent Sequencing

Marsupial immune responses were previously touted as ‘primitive’ but we now know that the marsupial immune system is complex and on par with that of eutherian mammals. In this manuscript we review the field of marsupial immunology, focusing on basic anatomy, developmental immunology, immunogenetics and evolution. We concentrate on advances to our understanding of marsupial immune gene architecture, made possible by the recent sequencing of the opossum, tammar wallaby and Tasmanian devil genomes. Characterisation of immune gene sequences now paves the way for the development of immunological assays that will allow us to more accurately study health and disease in marsupials.

scholarly journals Avian gut-associated lymphoid tissues and intestinal immune responses to Eimeria parasites.

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
H S Lillehoj ◽  
J M Trout
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Intestinal Immune System ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Coccidial Infection

Coccidiosis, an intestinal infection caused by intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to several different species of Eimeria, seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of livestock and poultry. Host immune responses to coccidial infection are complex. Animals infected with Eimeria spp. produce parasite-specific antibodies in both the circulation and mucosal secretions. However, it appears that antibody-mediated responses play a minor role in protection against coccidiosis. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in resistance to infection. T lymphocytes appear to respond to coccidial infection through both cytokine production and a direct cytotoxic attack on infected cells. The exact mechanisms by which T cells eliminate the parasites, however, remain unclear. Although limited information is available on the intestinal immune system of chickens, gut lymphoid tissues have evolved specialized features that reflect their role as the first line of defense at mucosal surfaces, including both immunoregulatory cells and effector cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of the avian intestinal immune system and mucosal immune responses to Eimeria spp., providing an overview of the complex cellular and molecular events involved in intestinal immune responses to enteric pathogens.

scholarly journals Basic concepts in clinical immunology: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-496
Author(s):  
Andrew Nakibinge Kiboneka
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Infection Pattern

Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances(antigens). Host defence mechanisms consist of innate immunity (natural immunity), which mediates the initial protection against infections, and adaptive immunity (specific/acquired immunity), which develops more slowly and provides more specialized and more effective defence against infections. The immune system evolved to protect multicellular organisms against pathogens. The body is protected against pathogens by a variety of effector cells and molecules that together make up the immune system. All the cellular elements of blood, including the red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells of the immune system, ultimately derive from the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow. The cells of the adaptive immune system consist of lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells and effector cells that eliminate microbes. Strategies of avoidance, and tolerance represent different ways of dealing with pathogens. Anatomic barriers and chemical barriers e.g complement and antimicrobial proteins may be considered as primary forms of avoidance.Macrophages,neutrophils and dendritic cells are important cells that that detect infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize simple molecules and regular patterns of molecular structures called pathogen associated molecular patterns. Some PRR are transmembrane proteins e.g Toll like receptors (TLRs). Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Inappropriate immune responses can result into hypersensitivity, autoimmune disease or immune deficiency.

Immunology of the vessel wall

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran K. Hansson
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Vascular Disease

This chapter provides an overview of the vascular wall and its cells from an immunological point of view, discusses the capacity of vascular cells to promote and regulate immune responses, and outlines interactions between the vasculature and the immune system in health and disease. The role of immune mechanisms in vascular diseases is discussed, with a focus on atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory vascular disease.

scholarly journals A Concise Review of Immune System and Natural Immune Modulators

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarun Kumar ◽  
Anu Sharma ◽  
Siddhartha Dutta ◽  
Sachin J ◽  
Gitashree Dutta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Immune Modulators ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Immune Therapies ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Healthy Immune System

Immunity is defined as resistance offered by the host against microbes and other foreign substances that prevent them from illness caused by these offending agents. The immune system is responsible for the identification and elimination of pathogens that invade the body before sickness and prevent the damage caused by them. Immunity to a particular disease is obtained by the presence of specific antibodies against that disease. Antibodies are proteins that the body produces to neutralize or kill pathogens or species carrying diseases. Antibodies are unique to diseases. A healthy immune system is highly essential and to strengthen the immunity, several dietary and lifestyle changes can reinforce the natural defences of the body and help fight injurious pathogens or organisms that cause sickness. Being a vast topic, full details of all mechanisms of the immune responses and immune therapies are beyond the scope of this article. This article aimed to provide the basic information and mechanisms involved in functioning of the immune system and its importance in health and disease. This review article highlights on basics of immunity and substances that can act as natural immunity boosters.

scholarly journals O astrologiji krvnih skupin - zakaj krvne skupine AB0 ne določajo človekovega značaja niti njegove prehrane

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Gajšek Grbec ◽  
Marija Pfeifer ◽  
Primož Rožman
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Abo Blood Groups ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Ab0 Blood Groups ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Lay Public

AB0 blood groups are inherited markers on blood cells. Since their discovery, there were numerous attempts to be attributed a wide variety of biological functions they don’t possess. The purpose of this article is primarily to inform the professional, as well as lay public that the theory of healthy nutrition based on AB0 blood groups represents nothing more than a pseudoscience used for mass exploitation and commercial purposes. ABO blood groups were attributed such characteristics by naturopathic doctor Peter D'Adamo, who on the basis of false methods and erroneous assumptions wrote a bestseller "Eat Right For Your Type". It claims that the blood groupsAB0 represent a "key to the functioning of our immune system" and that the blood group based diet represents a “key to the health of every man”. As in the case of nutrition based on the ABO blood groups, the scientific knowledge in the field of immunohematology is misused to mislead the lay public, we are obliged to explain the real meaning and the role of blood groups in health and disease, the misuse of blood groups in relation to healthy nutrition.

scholarly journals Immunophenotyping of Blood Cell Subpopulations from Experimental Animals Infected by Yersinia Pestis with Different Plasmid Composition

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-93
Author(s):  
V. V. Voitkova ◽  
V. I. Dubrovina ◽  
K. M. Korytov ◽  
G. B. Mukhturgin ◽  
S. A. Vityazeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
Cell Subpopulations ◽  
Species Specific

Relevance. The vast majority of the virulence factors of Yersinia pestis is determined by genes of plasmid. The genome of the plague pathogen Altai subspecies Y. pestis subsp. altaica has three plasmids: pYV, pYP and pYT. Plasmids pYV Yersinia strains exhibit phenotypic traits, the effect of which is aimed at the suppression of the phagocytic activity of the cells of the immune system. Species-specific plasmid pYP determines synthesis bacteriocine (pesticin 1) and plasminogen activator, and plasmid pYT - murine toxin and a capsular antigen F1. Loss of one or more plasmids leads to a change of the pathogenic properties and a reduction or even total loss of the virulence of the pathogen, as well as affect the functional state organs of the immune system. Goal. To reveal characteristics of subpopulations of blood cells of experimental animals infected with Y. pestis containing various plasmids Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 370 white improved conventional mice with standard of content and weight (17 -19 g). As objects of study used 7 strains of Y. pestis from the collection of the museum of living cultures of the Irkutsk Scientific Research Anti-Plague Institute: Y. pestis subsp. altaica I-2948/3, Y. pestis subsp. altaica I-2948, Y. pestis subsp. altaica I-2359, Y. pestis subsp. I-3560 pestis, Y. pestis subsp. I-3480 pestis, Y. pestis subsp. I-2638 pestis, Y. pestis subsp. pestis I-3479. Results. Immunograms analysis showed that changes in the composition of blood cells in experimental animals depends on plasmids of the strain and time of observation. Importantly, the infectious process induced strains with a complete set of plasmids (Y. pestis subsp. pestis I-3560, Y. pestis subsp. pestis I-2638), is accompanied by significant changes in cell populations, as the causative agent of plague blocking barrier system key mechanisms innate immunity and prevents the formation of high-grade microorganism adaptive immunity. Conclusions. Are established features of subpopulation structure of blood cells of white mice, infected with strains of the main and Altai subspecies and their isogene options which are associated with a plasmid profile of a plague microbe. Strains of Y. pestis subsp. pestis of I-3479 and Y. pestis subsp. pestis of I-3480 can be recommended for further studying as perspective as vaccinal.

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