scholarly journals Birthweight and Preterm Birth in Relation to Indicators of Childhood Asthma

1997 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitaw Demissie ◽  
Pierre Ernst ◽  
Lawrence Joseph ◽  
Margaret R Becklake
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Parental Occupation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Early Life Events

BACKGROUND: Early life events may have long term consequences on respiratory health including the risk of developing asthma.OBJECTIVE: To examine the independent roles of birthweight and preterm birth on childhood asthma after accounting for socioeconomic status.METHODS: A total of 989 elementary school children performed spirometry before and after a free-running exercise challenge. A subsample of 327 children underwent methacholine bronchoprovocation and allergy skin prick tests to common inhaled aeroallergens. Information on birthweight and preterm birth was obtained by parental interview. Socioeconomic status was established using parental occupation.RESULTS: After adjusting for the effects of important confounding variables, birthweight was positively associated with forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1); FVC increased 4.5% per kg (95% CI 1.7 to 7.4) and FEV14.4% per kg (95% CI 1.8 to 7.2). Birthweight was not related to exercise-induced bronchospasm or an asthma diagnosis, but airway responsiveness to methacholine increased as birthweight decreased (P=0.01). Preterm birth independent of birthweight was associated with a lower FEV1/FVC (-1.7%; 95% CI -2.8 to -0.5).CONCLUSIONS: Birthweight appears to be related to lung size and methacholine responsiveness while preterm birth appears to diminish airway size.

The Effect of Cromolyn Sodium on Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm Using a Free Running System

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (5s) ◽  
pp. 923-926
Author(s):  
Gall G. Shapiro ◽  
William E. Pierson ◽  
C. Warren Blerman
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Running System ◽  
Volume Curve ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Exercise Induced

This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of comolyn sodium in modifying exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). Twenty children and adolescents with EIB were given either cromolyn or placebo in a prerandomized double-blind fashion. They then performed a free running maneuver. Pulmonary function tests were obtained before and after this exercise. Patients returned one week later to repeat the same procedure. This time subjects took placebo if they had previously taken cromolyn and vice versa. Significant beneficial effects of cromolyn were noted in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second measurements but not in forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the flow-volume curve) (FEF 25%-75%). This suggests that larger airway disease is preferentially helped by cromolyn when subjects are stressed maximally as with a free running system. Subjects who received placebo on study day 1 and cromolyn on study day 2 showed the most striking benefit from cromolyn. This may be related to the better baseline status of subjects on day 2 as well as to familiarity with the procedure and medication.

scholarly journals Newborn DNA-methylation, childhood lung function, and the risks of asthma and COPD across the life course

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 1801795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman T. den Dekker ◽  
Kimberley Burrows ◽  
Janine F. Felix ◽  
Lucas A. Salas ◽  
Ivana Nedeljkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Childhood Asthma ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
The Life Course

RationaleWe aimed to identify differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in cord blood DNA associated with childhood lung function, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) across the life course.MethodsWe meta-analysed epigenome-wide data of 1688 children from five cohorts to identify cord blood DMRs and their annotated genes, in relation to forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio and forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC at ages 7–13 years. Identified DMRs were explored for associations with childhood asthma, adult lung function and COPD, gene expression and involvement in biological processes.ResultsWe identified 59 DMRs associated with childhood lung function, of which 18 were associated with childhood asthma and nine with COPD in adulthood. Genes annotated to the top 10 identified DMRs were HOXA5, PAOX, LINC00602, ABCA7, PER3, CLCA1, VENTX, NUDT12, PTPRN2 and TCL1A. Differential gene expression in blood was observed for 32 DMRs in childhood and 18 in adulthood. Genes related with 16 identified DMRs were associated with respiratory developmental or pathogenic pathways.InterpretationOur findings suggest that the epigenetic status of the newborn affects respiratory health and disease across the life course.

scholarly journals The impact of a heat and moisture exchange mask on respiratory symptoms and airway response to exercise in asthma

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 00271-2019
Author(s):  
Anna R. Jackson ◽  
J.H. Hull ◽  
James G. Hopker ◽  
Hannah Fletcher ◽  
William Gowers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Peak Power Output ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Heat And Moisture ◽  
The Impact

Respiratory symptoms, including cough, are prevalent in individuals with asthma when exercising. This study investigates whether a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) face mask is effective in modulating exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and post-exercise cough in a cold, dry environment in individuals with asthma.Twenty-six participants diagnosed with asthma (20 males, 6 females) completed three cycling exercise challenges at 8°C and 24% relative humidity in a randomised order. Participants wore either an HME mask (MASK), sham mask (SHAM), or no mask (CONT). Following a 3-min warm-up, participants completed 6-min cycling at 80% peak power output. Before and after exercise, maximal flow-volume loops were recorded. Post-exercise cough was monitored with a Leicester Cough Monitor (LCM) for 24 h. Results were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Friedman's tests and data were presented as the mean±sd or median (interquartile range (IQR)).Eleven participants failed to demonstrate EIB (i.e. >10% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s after exercise) and were removed from analysis. The percentage fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s following exercise in CONT was greater than MASK (MASK: −6% (7%), SHAM: −11% (11%), CONT: −13% (9%); p<0.01). No difference was found between exercise in cough count per hour over the 24-h monitoring period or the number of coughs in the first hour after exercise.HME masks can attenuate EIB when exercising in cold, dry environments. The SHAM mask may not have been entirely inert, demonstrating the challenges of running randomised control trials utilising control and sham conditions.

Effectiveness of Terbutaline and Theophylline Alone and in Combination in Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-513
Author(s):  
Gail G. Shapiro ◽  
Joseph J. McPhillips ◽  
Kevin Smith ◽  
Clifton T. Furukawa ◽  
William E. Pierson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Study Drug ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Study Drug Administration ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Forced Expiratory Flow ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Better Than

Theophylline and terbutaline, alone and in combination, were evaluated for effectiveness in treating exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) when used at doses that should be tolerated by adolescents taking them intermittently: theophylline, 250 mg (fast release), and terbutaline, 2.5 mg. Twenty-one subjects, 12 to 19 years of age, with EIB performed standardized exercise tests on four separate days and received either theophylline, terbutaline, the combination, or placebo in a prerandomized double-blind manner prior to exercise. Exercise tests were performed two and five hours after each study drug administration. Blood samples were drawn before and again two and five hours after drug administration for theophylline level. Pulmonary function [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and forced expiratory flow rate (FEF25% to 75%)] was recorded before and after exercise. All of the active treatments were better than placebo in diminishing EIB. The combination was statistically better than terbutaline or theophylline alone. The effect of theophylline was not significantly different from that of terbutaline. The combination induced significantly more tremor than either agent individually. Either drug alone or the two in combination is effective for diminishing EIB. Although the combination may have additive properties for some patients, the increased incidence of tremor may diminish its appeal. Either drug alone or in combination is effective in decreasing EIB for at least five hours, which makes them practical choices for treatment of school-aged children.

Incidence of Exercise-Induced Asthma in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (5s) ◽  
pp. 847-850
Author(s):  
C. Warren Bierman ◽  
Isamu Kawabori ◽  
William E. Pierson
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Forced Vital Capacity ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Running Exercise ◽  
Airway Function ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Asthma In Children ◽  
Exercise Induced

The incidence of exercise-induced asthma (EIA) was studied in 134 asthmatic, 102 nonasthmatic atopic, and 56 nonatopic children. Pulmonary function tests measuring forced vital capacity (FVC) and one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1) were performed on each child prior to and serially for 20 minutes following free running exercise. The incidence of EIA among the asthmatic and atopic nonasthmatic children was 63% and 41% respectively, and 7% among control subjects. Airway function was studied prior to and after a standardized free running exercise test. Forty-one percent of the nonasthmatic and 63% of the asthmatic atopic children had a significant decrease in airway function as compared to 5% of the nonallergic subjects.

Acute and Chronic Theophylline Therapy in Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 845-849
Author(s):  
C. Warren Bierman ◽  
Gail G. Shapiro ◽  
William E. Pierson ◽  
Carol S. Dorsett
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Test ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Control Asthma ◽  
Forced Expiratory Flow ◽  
Treatment Changes ◽  
Expiratory Flow ◽  
Exercise Induced

This study examined the effectiveness of theophylline therapy in modifying exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in children with perennial asthma and evaluated whether tolerance to theophylline developed with prolonged use. Twenty-one children between 7 and 16 years of age were studied by a standardized treadmill exercise test carried out before administration of theophylline, 90 minutes after administration of theophylline, and again after three weeks of round-the-clock theophylline treatment. Changes in forced expiratory volume at one second, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow rate were measured before and after each exercise test. Theophylline inhibited EIB in 20 of 21 subjects. There was considerable intersubject variation in the response to theophylline, however, ranging from complete inhibition in five subjects to no inhibition at all in one subject, even though theophylline controlled perennial asthma in all subjects, and all but one had theophylline levels between 10 and 22 µg/ml when tested. On repeated testing after three weeks of therapy, no tolerance developed to theophylline. These findings suggest that EIB and perennial asthma may result from different causes and that theophylline's ability to control asthma will not predict its effect on EIB. Subjects who have severe EIB should be retested after theophylline pretreatment to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid’s Lack of Attenuation of Hyperpnea-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Asthmatic Individuals in the Short Term

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon L. Stickford ◽  
Timothy D. Mickleborough ◽  
Alyce D. Fly ◽  
Joel M. Stager
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Airway Disease ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Allergic Airway Disease ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Eucapnic Voluntary Hyperventilation ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Usual Diet

Purpose:Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to modify the inflammatory response associated with allergic airway disease, primarily in animal models. To extend these observations to humans, the effect of short-term CLA supplementation on the severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) was investigated in asthmatics.Methods:Six subjects with physician-diagnosed asthma and EIB began the study on their usual diet, to which was added 4.8 g CLA/d for 8 wk. Pulmonary-function tests were administered before and after eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) challenge at the commencement (Week 0) and conclusion of the treatment period (Week 8). Pre- and 90 min post-EVH challenge, urine was assayed for the presence of cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT) C4−E4 and 9α,11β-prostaglandin (PG) F2.Results:Pre- to post- EVH forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) did not significantly differ (p > .05) from Week 8 to Week 0. The pre- to post-EVH decline in FEV1 at Week 8 (–29.6% ± 6.6%) was not significantly different (p > .05) from that at Week 0 (–32.0% ± 5.5%). Area under the curve of FEV1 plotted against time from zero to 60 min (AUC0–60) was unaltered at Week 8 (–931% ± 350% change per minute) compared with Week 0 (−1,090% ± 270% change per minute). CLA supplementation did not alter forced midexpiratory flow, forced vital capacity (FVC), or FEV1/FVC. In addition, post-EVH urinary LTC4–E4 and 9α,11β-PGF2 were unchanged after CLA supplementation.Conclusion:Daily supplementation of 4.8 g CLA for 8 wk does not attenuate airway inflammation or hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic individuals.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Status and Childhood Atopy

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kitaw Demissie ◽  
Pierre Ernst ◽  
Margaret R Becklake
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Skin Tests ◽  
Parental Occupation ◽  
Positive Skin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of

BACKGROUND:Variation in the prevalence of allergic disorders among socioeconomic groups could be due either to differences in the type of allergens encountered or to actual differences in susceptibility to sensitization to any particular antigen.OBJECTIVE:To examine the relationship of skin test positivity to inhaled aeroallergens and socioeconomic status (SES).METHODS:A total of 989 Montreal elementary school children were studied. A short questionnaire was completed by parents, and the children performed spirometry before and after a free-running exercise challenge. A subsample of 309 children underwent allergy skin prick tests to common inhaled aeroallergens. SES was established using parental occupation.RESULTS:Higher social class was associated with an increased likelihood of having positive skin tests to cat and trees, while there was a trend towards an inverse relationship between SES and skin test sensitivity to cockroach and moulds. Reported history of asthma, hay fever or eczema were unrelated to SES.CONCLUSIONS:The results of this study suggest differences in levels of exposure to different allergens by social class. From the public health point of view, community-based allergen avoidance measures need to be adapted to social class.

Free Running Test for Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (5s) ◽  
pp. 890-892
Author(s):  
William E. Pierson ◽  
C. Warren Blerman
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Health Care Setting ◽  
Exercise Period ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Exercise Induced

The free running test has been successfully carried out in patients from 5 to 21 years old. It has the following advantages: (1) it simulates normal exercise pattern; (2) it is readily performed in any health care setting; (3) it is simple to perform and noninvasive in nature; and (4) it reveals a maximum decrease in forced expiratory volume at one second at five minutes after the exercise period. There seems to be a seasonal variation that may alter outcome of tests.

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