scholarly journals Effects of Different Imagery Strategies in the Psychological Treatment of Chronic Headache

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-232
Author(s):  
Gisela Peters
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Headache ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Headache Frequency ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Imagery Techniques

This study investigates the effects of four different imagery techniques: pleasant imagery versus imaginative transformations, and response versus stimulus imagery. One may expect imaginative transformations to be more effective than pleasant imagery. Response imaginative transformations should be more effective than stimulus imaginative transformations, while the pleasant imagery conditions are not expected to have different effects. In a 2x2 design, treatment conditions were compared. Forty patients (33 females, seven males) with different types of chronic headache were referred by their physicians and took part in the study. Pain diaries and questionnaires of pain experience and pain behaviour were used as outcome measures. Imaginative transformations - irrespective of response or stimulus orientation - were found to be more effective than pleasant imagery in reducing headache frequency. Reductions remained stable over an eight-month follow-up. There are no significant differences between response and stimulus imagery. Treatment effects were manifested in a reduction of headache frequency, while headache duration and headache intensity did not change. Suffering and avoidance behaviours were reduced in all treatment groups, while the use of distraction strategies was increased. The reductions in suffering were significantly greater in the groups treated with imaginative transformations. In the eight-month follow-up, group differences in reductions in suffering were no longer significant, which is probably due to the reduced sample size. The results support the hypothesis that a cognitive redefinition is responsible for the beneficial treatment effects because only instructions to imagine a change in pain sensations and/or pain responses led to significant improvements.

An Evaluation of Cognitive-Behavioural Techniques in the Management of Chronic Arthritic Pain in Men with Haemophilia

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Dunne ◽  
Matthew R. Sanders ◽  
John A. Rowell ◽  
William R. McWhirter
Keyword(s):  
Relaxation Training ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Guided Imagery ◽  
Coping Skills ◽  
Cognitive Coping ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Antecedents And Consequences ◽  
Imagery Techniques

Three adults with haemophilia participated in a study designed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural techniques in the alleviation of chronic arthritic pain. The intervention comprised cognitive-coping skills, primarily relaxation training and guided imagery techniques, as well as identifying and altering antecedents and consequences that may have influenced their pain experience. The dependent measures included visual analogue rating scales, the Arthritis Impact Measurements Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory and pedometer readings. All three men showed significant reductions in pain, which were largely maintained at six-month follow-up. This study supports earlier findings with this population, and highlights the importance of monitoring the implementation of independent measures.

Remission of chronic headache: Rates, potential predictors and the role of medication, follow-up results of the German Headache Consortium (GHC) Study

Cephalalgia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Henning ◽  
Zaza Katsarava ◽  
Mark Obermann ◽  
Susanne Moebus ◽  
Sara Schramm
Keyword(s):  
Partial Remission ◽  
Chronic Headache ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Medication Overuse ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Headache Frequency ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Headache Type

Objectives To estimate remission rates of chronic headache (CH), focusing on potential predictors of headache remission and medication. Methods We used data from the longitudinal population-based German Headache Consortium (GHC) Study (n = 9,944, 18–65 years). Validated questionnaires were used at baseline (t0, 2003–2007, response rate: 55.2%), first follow-up after 1.87 ± 0.39 years (t1, 37.2%) and second follow-up after 3.26 ± 0.60 years (t2, 38.8%) to assess headache type and frequency, use of analgesics and anti-migraine drugs, medication overuse, education, BMI, smoking and alcohol consumption. CH was defined as ≥ 15 headache days/month at t0 over three months. Outcomes were: CH remission (<15 headache days/month at both follow-ups), CH persistence (≥ 15 headache days/month at both follow-ups); all others were considered as partially remitted. To estimate predictors of remission, univariate and multiple logistic regression were calculated. Results At baseline, 255 (2.6%) participants were identified with CH. Of these, 158 (62.0%) participants responded at both follow-ups. Remission was observed in 58.2% of participants, partial remission in 17.7% and persistence in 24.1%. Remission was associated with female sex (adjusted odds ratio: 3.10, 95% confidence interval: 1.06–9.08) and no medication overuse (4.16, 1.45–11.94) compared to participants with persistent CH; participants with higher headache frequency at t0 were less likely to remit (0.90, 0.84–0.97). Medication, age, education, BMI, smoking and drinking showed no effects on remission. Similar results were observed for partial remission. Conclusion The majority of CH participants remitted from CH. Female sex, no overuse of pain medication and lower headache frequency were associated with remission.

Contingency Factors in Negative Practice of Smoking

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. O'Brien ◽  
Alyce M. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Fourth Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Monitoring Group

100 cigarette smokers were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups balancing the level of smokers within groups. To uncover the importance of chaining in overresponding or satiation treatments of cigarette smoking, 2 of these groups were required to double or triple their baserate in 2 or 3 cigarette chains while a third group simply doubled their daily consumption. For comparison, a fourth group received covert sensitization treatment of their smoking while a fifth group acted as an attention-monitoring control. Following 1 wk. of cigarette-by-cigarette baserate each group received 1 wk. of treatment and 3 wk. of follow-up meetings. Contacts with all subjects were also made 3 and 6 mo. after treatment. All groups significantly decreased smoking following treatment, but the 3-mo. follow-up showed no significant difference from baserate. Group differences were not statistically significant, although the attention-monitoring group was least effective at all posttreatment measurement points. Although subject reports indicate chaining increased the aversiveness of the negative practice regime, it showed no effect on treatment efficiency.

BRIEF PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR THE RELIEF OF PANIC DISORDER

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Elsesser ◽  
Angelika Mosch ◽  
Gudrun Sartory
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Management Training ◽  
Clinical Change ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Before And After

This study compared complaints management training and cognitive therapy (reattribution) in treating panic disorder. Both treatment groups received three sessions with initial psychoeducation. Thirty patients with panic disorder took part in the study. Assessments were carried out before and after treatment and again at a 4-week follow-up. Both groups showed similarly significant improvements and maintenance of the clinical change over the follow-up period. It is concluded that the initial psychoeducation, which conveyed to patients the cognitive-behavioural model of panic disorder, contributed to the treatment outcome.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS AND SAFETY OF INTRA-ARTICULAR HYALURONIC ACID IN ATHLETES WITH ARTICULAR LESIONS: A MULTICENTER, PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

World Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Puigdellívol Grifell ◽  
Juan Pérez Estévez ◽  
Enrique Herrera Otto ◽  
Jordi Marcos ◽  
Mindaugas Gudelis
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Injection Group ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Promising Treatment ◽  
Multicenter Prospective Observational Study

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a novel intra-articular formulation of hyaluronic acid (HA) to treat athletes with articular lesions. Methods: Multicenter, prospective, interventional, observational study analyzing the clinical evolution of athletes who received 2 or 3 intra-articular injections of HA. The study was scheduled in Visit 1 (week 0), Visit 2 (week 1), Visit 3 (week 2), Visit 4 (week 3), and Visit 5 (end of follow up, week 24). The change in Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of pain and in Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and the rate of return to physical activity were evaluated upon treatment initiation for up to 24 weeks. The incidence of adverse events was recorded throughout the study. Results: Sixty patients were recruited: 28 (46.7%) in the 2-injection group and 32 (53.3%) in the 3-injection group. Mean VAS gradually decreased across the visits, with statistically significant reductions in both groups from Visit 2 to Visit 3 and to Visit 5 (P < 0.0001). Inter-group differences in the change in VAS from Visit 2 to Visit 5 were statistically comparable (P = 0.8271). At Visit 5, the KOOS of all subscales statistically improved in both treatment groups. At the end of follow-up (Visit 5), 75.9% of patients returned to sport in the overall population. Only one patient reported an adverse event. Conclusion: This novel formulation of HA is effective and safe for at least 24 weeks, resulting in a promising treatment option for athletes with articular lesions.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Effectiveness of Three Different Acupuncture Methods for TMD-Related Pain: A Randomized Clinical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Emanuela Serritella ◽  
Gabriella Galluccio ◽  
Alessandra Impellizzeri ◽  
Paola Di Giacomo ◽  
Carlo Di Paolo
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Acupuncture Treatment ◽  
Masticatory Muscles ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Randomized Clinical Study ◽  
Body Acupuncture ◽  
Numeric Scale

Purpose. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three acupuncture methods for temporomandibular disorders- (TMDs-) related pain. Materials and Methods. Different locations of pain, according to DC/TMD clinical assessment, were considered: temporomandibular joint (TMJ), masticatory muscles, head, and neck. Sixty patients were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups (20 patients in each): group BA received body acupuncture, group EA received electroacupuncture, and group CA received acupuncture + cupping. The groups were compared in terms of pain (verbal numeric scale), pain-related disability (Brief Inventory Pain, BPI), and impression of the treatment’s effectiveness (Patients' Global Impression of Improvement Scale, PGI-I). These were recorded before sessions of acupuncture treatment (T0), after 8 sessions of acupuncture treatment (T1), and after 4 weeks of follow-up after treatment (T2). The between-group and within-group differences in the data were analyzed statistically. The baseline characteristics were similar in all groups ( p > 0.05 ). Results. Significant improvements were noted in all types of pain compared to baseline values in all groups (all p < 0.05 ). No significant differences were noted in the improvement of TMDs-related pain according to the different acupuncture techniques (all p > 0.05 ). All acupuncture methods used resulted to be significantly effective in improving the pain-related interference in the patient’s common activities and quality of life. EA resulted to be significantly more effective than BA and CA in improving the interference of pain with patients’ mood ( p = 0.015 ) and quality of sleep ( p = 0.014 ). Conclusion. BA, EA, and CA are all effective acupuncture methods in reducing pain and pain interference with common activities and quality of life in patients affected by TMD.

Exposure in vivo of agoraphobics: contributions of diazepam, group exposure, and anxiety evocation

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Hafner ◽  
Isaac Marks
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Parallel Design ◽  
Individual Exposure ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Exposure In Vivo ◽  
Anxiety Arousal

SynopsisFifty-seven chronic agoraphobic outpatients were treated by 12 hours of exposure in vivo on four days over two weeks to check the effects of oral diazepam versus placebo during group exposure, group versus individual exposure, and high versus medium anxiety arousal during individual exposure. The controlled parallel design allowed comparative evaluation of each treatment condition to six months follow-up. Assessment was blind with respect to drug and psychological treatment. Patients in all treatment conditions improved significantly in phobias and in related life areas.Outcome to group exposure on phobias and other measures was similar in all three drug conditions (placebo, waning diazepam, peak diazepam) with no significant differences between them. Diazepam patients had significantly less discomfort than placebo patients during group exposure treatment. Group exposure patients improved slightly but significantly more than individual exposure patients on non-phobic measures, though group exposure was accompanied by more panics during treatment yet was easier to run by the therapist. Individual exposure under high anxiety arousal was no more therapeutic than with lower anxiety. Diazepam is a mild palliative during group exposure but does not facilitate outcome to treatment. Group exposure in vivo is mildly facilitatory for outcome compared with individual exposure. Anxiety evocation during treatment was not therapeutically helpful.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Efficacy of EMDR With Grieving Individuals: A Randomized Control Trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Meysner ◽  
Prudence Cotter ◽  
Christopher W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Life Measure ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Levels Of Functioning

This study compared the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with an integrated cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention for grief. Nineteen participants (12 females and 7 males) who identified themselves as struggling with grief were randomly allocated to treatment conditions. Each participant was wait-listed for 7 weeks and then received 7 weeks of therapy. There were no significant improvements on any measure in the wait-list period. In contrast, participants in both treatment groups improved on measures of grief (ηp2 = .47), trauma symptoms (ηp2 = .60), and distress (ηp2 = .34). There was no significant improvement in participants’ scores on a quality of life measure (ηp2 = .11). Neither treatment approach produced better outcomes than the other. For those who scored in the clinical range at intake, 72% achieved clinical and reliable change on the grief measure and 82% on the trauma measure. The study had several strengths, including randomization to treatment condition, multiple therapists, formal assessment of treatment fidelity, and the pretreatment and follow-up assessments were conducted by researchers blind to treatment assignment. Overall, the findings indicate that EMDR and CBT are efficacious in assisting those struggling with grief, and that those individuals reporting higher levels of distress and lower levels of functioning may benefit the most from an intervention.

A Comparison of Different Treatments for Nocturnal Bruxism

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Pierce ◽  
E.N. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Splint Therapy ◽  
Baseline Levels ◽  
Treatment Control Group

One hundred bruxers were evaluated for bruxing activity before, during, and after treatment with a portable electromyograph (EMG). A six-month post-treatment follow-up of bruxing activity was obtained. Experimental treatment groups consisted of diurnal biofeedback, nocturnal biofeedback, massed negative practice, and splint therapy. A no-treatment control group was included. The comparative efficacy of treatments was determined by analyses of variance. Both EMG-measured frequency of bruxing episodes and duration of bruxing activity decreased significantly for nocturnal biofeedback and splint therapy treatments but not for massed negative practice, diurnal biofeedback (relaxation), or the no-treatment control group. The two-week treatment effects were transient, and bruxing activity generally returned to baseline levels when treatment was withdrawn. These findings are consistent with the findings of previous researchers with regard to nocturnal biofeedback and splint therapy but differ from previous findings for massed negative practice therapy.

Use of Self-Generated and Supplied Visuals as Mnemonics in Gifted Children's Learning

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Carrier ◽  
Karen Karbo ◽  
Heather Kindem ◽  
Gertrude Legisa ◽  
Laurie Newstrom
Keyword(s):  
Memory Task ◽  
Concrete Noun ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
Visual Condition ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Know How ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Imagery Techniques

In accordance with ancient belief and recent research, we hypothesized that self-generated imagery techniques of gifted children would be superior to supplied (experimenter-provided) visuals in facilitating recall and recognition on a memory task. 27 high-potential students in Grades 4 to 6 were divided into three treatment groups to investigate the effects of rote repetition, self-generated visualization, and supplied visuals on the memorization of concrete noun-word pairs. Perhaps because even gifted children do not know how to construct good visual images without training and practice, our hypothesis was not supported. The supplied visual condition produced significantly better results than did either of the other treatment conditions, implying that the utilization of appropriate techniques helps gifted children learn certain memory tasks. However, one wonders if effective instruction in the development of self-generated mnemonic techniques might not be of greater benefit to young learners of such tasks.

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