scholarly journals Topical Microbicides for the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl c) ◽  
pp. 41C-48C ◽  
Author(s):  
André Désormeaux ◽  
Rabeea F Omar ◽  
Michel G Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Topical Microbicides ◽  
Health Organization

The development of novel compounds to reduce the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes and other pathogens causing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has become a topic of great interest. Condom use is the only readily available measure to reduce successfully the propagation of these infectious agents. To reduce significantly the probability of acquiring infection, condoms should be used during all risky sexual intercourse. More attention is being given to female-controlled methods for the prevention of HIV infection because many women are unable to negotiate condom use with their sexual partners. The development of topical microbicides constitutes one of the most priori tized research areas in the field of prevention of STDs/HIV for the World Health Organization, the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Because the number of women infected with HIV, herpes and other pathogens causing STDs is growing dramatically worldwide, there is an urgent need to develop innovative preventive measures that can reduce the transmission of these pathogens with minimal mucosa! irritation, and minimal effects on the vaginal flora and pH. Some of the existing products as well as promising new topical microbicicles for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections are reviewed.

scholarly journals Perceptions and knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases among rural people in India: Some ground realties

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Dr Nanjunda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Focus Group Study ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Health Organization

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) have become a serious public health issue among the rural people in India because of a unique health culture and health seeking behavior. Most rural people are suffering from different types of STDs because of cultural fabrics, poverty, illiteracy, ignorance and poor access to effective treatment. The World Health Organization has also warned that India could be the next nation with the highest number of unreported STD cases, resulting in devastating consequences. This current study, conducted in a rural part of the Hassan district of Karnataka, South India, examined the perceptions and knowledge regarding STDs among rural people. A focus group study conducted among selected purposive samples of both infected (with STD) and non-infected rural people. This study has found that STDs were more prevalent among people in the age group of 25-28 years (50.6%)male respondents (62.6%), people with a low level of literacy (42.2%), professional truck drivers (38.6%), people in the lower income groups (64%), and unmarried people (56%). This study also found vaginites and herpes are the most common types of STDs found among the respondents. The majority of the respondents were not aware about the onset and symptoms of the STDs. People were too shy to seek treatment even from the local healers. Effective public health policies and health promotion programs should be developed regarding the holistic and inclusive health development for the rural people with special references to STDs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v3i2.20040 South East Asian Journal of Public Health Vol.3(2) 2013: 47-51

scholarly journals Virginity Testing Beyond a Medical Examination

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehri Robatjazi ◽  
Masoumeh Simbar ◽  
Fatemeh Nahidi ◽  
Jaber Gharehdaghi ◽  
Mohammadali Emamhadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
World Health ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Virginity Testing

<p>Apart from religious values, virginity is important in different communities because of its prominent role in reducing sexually transmitted diseases and teen pregnancies. Even though virginity testing has been proclaimed an example of violence against women by the World Health Organization, it is still conducted in many countries, including Iran. 16 in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants aged 32 to 60 years to elucidate the perceptions and experiences of Iranian examiners of virginity testing.</p><p>The perception and experience of examiners were reflected in five main themes. The result of this study indicated that virginity testing is more than a medical examination, considering the cultural factors involved and its overt and covert consequences. In Iran, testing is performed for both formal and informal reasons, and examiners view such testing with ambiguity about the accuracy and certainty of the diagnosis and uncertainty about ethics and reproductive rights. Examiners are affected by the overt and covert consequences of virginity testing, beliefs and cultural values underlying virginity testing, and informal and formal reasons for virginity testing.</p>

Factors Associated with Sexually Transmitted Diseases among Prostitutes in Singapore

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 332-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
M L Wong ◽  
T C Tan ◽  
M L Ho ◽  
J Y Lim ◽  
S Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Diseases ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Intravenous Drug Use ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Std Risk

From June to December 1990, 806 prostitutes registered with the STD programme in Singapore for regular screening for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were investigated for factors associated with STD incidence in the preceding year. The majority were foreigners (92.7% Malaysians and 3.1% Thais). Anal sex (0.4%) and intravenous drug use (0.9%) were rare. The overall STD incidence rate was 47.7 per 100. None was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. The crude and age-adjusted risk of STD was found to increase significantly with client load. An inverse relationship between condom use and STD risk was also observed. Mean condom use among clients was reported as 56.1% for spontaneous use and estimated as 75.4% following negotiation for condom use by prostitutes. Although the prostitutes negotiated for condom use with majority of the clients (85.5%) who did not use condoms spontaneously, they were successful with only about half of them (54.4%). Health education should be targeted at clients on the protective effects of condom use and at the prostitutes on skills in negotiating condom use.

Preventing Premature Weaning: Management Options for Common Lactation Conditions, Including OMT

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Denise Sackett ◽  
Tala Dajani ◽  
David Shoup ◽  
Uzoma Ikonne
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Family Physician ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Lactational Mastitis ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization

The benefits of breastfeeding are well established. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that mothers breastfeed infants for at least one year, but most children are not breastfed that long because of many factors. Breastfeeding mothers face many challenges to continued breastfeeding, including medical conditions that arise during this period, such as postpartum depression and lactational mastitis. Because of a perceived lack of consistent guidance on medication safety, it can be difficult for the family physician to treat these conditions while encouraging mothers to continue breastfeeding. The purpose of the current review is to summarize and clarify treatment options for the osteopathic family physician treating lactating mothers. We specifically focus on the pharmacological management of contraception, postpartum depression, and lactational mastitis.

Papillomavirus infection and reproduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-195
Author(s):  
Vladislav I. Krasnopolsky ◽  
Nina V. Zarochentseva ◽  
Ksenia V. Krasnopolskaya ◽  
Yulia N. Bashankaeva ◽  
Varvara S. Kuzmicheva
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Trophoblastic Cells ◽  
Papillomavirus Infection ◽  
Health Organization

The purpose of the review a synthesis of research data on the role of human papillomavirus infection in the reproductive health of women and men. Key Points. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted viruses worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, HPV is the main cause of the development of HPV-associated diseases among both women and men. Viruses are subdivided into HPV with low carcinogenic risk, which cause benign warts, and HPV with high carcinogenic risk, which cause cancer. Different types of human papillomaviruses depending on their characteristic tropism, are divided into skin and mucous types. Viral infection in men leads to a decrease in the quality of sperm (for example, asthenozoospermia) due to apoptosis in sperm cells and due to the development of antisperm immunity. A negative viral effect on the fertility of women is manifested in an increase in the frequency of spontaneous miscarriages and a premature rupture of the amniotic membranes during pregnancy. There is evidence that HPV decreases the number of trophoblastic cells and abnormal trophoblastic-endometrial adhesion is also observed. In trophoblastic cells transfected with high-risk HPV, the level of apoptosis increases. HPV vaccination is safe, and the results show not only protection against HPV-associated diseases in women and men, but also a reduction of gestational complications, reduced preterm birth rates and the protection of newborns from infection.

scholarly journals Determinants of HIV-1 Late Presentation in Patients Followed in Europe

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 835
Author(s):  
Mafalda N. S. Miranda ◽  
Marta Pingarilho ◽  
Victor Pimentel ◽  
Maria do Rosário O. Martins ◽  
Anne-Mieke Vandamme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Presentation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Demographic Information ◽  
Late Presenters ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Hiv 1

To control the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) set the 90-90-90 target to be reached by 2020. One major threat to those goals is late presentation, which is defined as an individual presenting a TCD4+ count lower than 350 cells/mm3 or an AIDS-defining event. The present study aims to identify determinants of late presentation in Europe based on the EuResist database with HIV-1 infected patients followed-up between 1981 and 2019. Our study includes clinical and socio-demographic information from 89851 HIV-1 infected patients. Statistical analysis was performed using RStudio and SPSS and a Bayesian network was constructed with the WEKA software to analyze the association between all variables. Among 89,851 HIV-1 infected patients included in the analysis, the median age was 33 (IQR: 27.0–41.0) years and 74.4% were males. Of those, 28,889 patients (50.4%) were late presenters. Older patients (>56), heterosexuals, patients originated from Africa and patients presenting with log VL >4.1 had a higher probability of being late presenters (p < 0.001). Bayesian networks indicated VL, mode of transmission, age and recentness of infection as variables that were directly associated with LP. This study highlights the major determinants associated with late presentation in Europe. This study helps to direct prevention measures for this population.

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