scholarly journals Pulmonary Embolism Mimicking Pneumonia in a HIV Patient

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Nagaraja ◽  
Joel A. Terriquez ◽  
Hemanth Gavini ◽  
Lokesh Jha ◽  
Stephen A. Klotz
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Pulmonary Thromboembolism ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Increased Risk

Recent studies have shown an increased risk of arterial and venous vascular diseases in HIV patients, pulmonary thromboembolism being one of them. HIV-infected individuals may have procoagulants predisposing them to thromboembolism. Patients with thromboembolism may have a clinical presentation mimicking common opportunistic infections. It is important to consider pulmonary embolism in the differential of HIV patients with fever, cough, and dyspnea, particularly in those with well-controlled HIV infection.

Unrecognised Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in an Emergency Department in Hong Kong: A Report of Four Cases

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
KL Mok ◽  
PG Kan
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Accident And Emergency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes breakdown of the immune system and predisposes patients to various opportunistic infections and neoplasms. However, many patients may not be aware of the HIV infection before the development of their first HIV related complications. We reported four unrecognised HIV patients presenting to our accident and emergency department with common complications of HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although not as common as in America, emergency physicians in Hong Kong still have to take care of patients with unknown HIV status. The common presentations of HIV patients will be discussed. A high index of suspicion and knowledge of common HIV/AIDS complications are required for managing these patients.

HIV Infection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meena Kannan ◽  
Harrison Taylor ◽  
William Tyor
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Cryptococcal Infection ◽  
Combined Antiretroviral Therapy

This chapter focuses on four common opportunistic infections of the nervous system associated with HIV infection, namely cryptococcal infection, cytomegalovirus infection, progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis, and toxoplasmosis. Essential features of neurobiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnostic workup, clinical management, and outcome are discussed for each condition. Although combined antiretroviral therapy for HIV has generally reduced the incidence of these complications of HIV infection, they remain important considerations, especially in areas in which antiretrovirals are unavailable or have limited availability.

scholarly journals Opportunistic diseases in patients with HIV infection in the intensive care unit

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
G M Kozhevnikova ◽  
S L Voznesenskiy ◽  
T N Ermak ◽  
E V Petrova ◽  
V P Golub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Secondary Diseases

The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence and prevalence of opportunistic diseases and comorbidities in patients admitted in the intensive care unit. Materials and methods. A specialized intensive care unit (ICU) for patients with severe HIV infection was set up in 2014 at the infectious diseases 2nd state hospital Moscow. It provides intensive care and treatments for HIV patients with severe co-morbidities and opportunistic infections. Retrospective analysis of medical records from 2014-2016 was carried out. Also carried out was a comparative study of the most common presentation of secondary diseases with available data of HIV patients in Russia from 1993-1997. Results. The number of patients treated increased from 455 to 852, and the death rate in the department decreased from 64.8 to 50.2% since it began operating. The opportunistic infections noted were cytomegalovirus, pneumocystis pneumonia, esophageal candidiasis, tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis of the brain. The most common comorbidities were chronic hepatitis C and mixed form of chronic hepatitis with cirrhosis complications. Despite the vast diagnostic possibilities, bacterial pneumonia and encephalitis of unknown origin significantly occurred. Comparative study of secondary disease since the early 1990s revealed a significant increase in cerebral toxoplasmosis (from 1.7 to 10.4%), pneumocystis pneumonia (from 5.2 to 16.0%) and encephalitis of unspecified etiology (from 13.8 to 39.4%) Conclusion. Disease severity among HIV patients is increasing. CMV and pneumocystis pneumonia were predominant opportunistic diseases. There were significant changes in the presentation of secondary diseases compared to data from 1993-1997.

scholarly journals HIV Associated Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke and Future Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5306
Author(s):  
Saifudeen Ismael ◽  
Mohammad Moshahid Khan ◽  
Prashant Kumar ◽  
Sunitha Kodidela ◽  
Golnoush Mirzahosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Vascular Abnormalities ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Although retroviral therapy (ART) has changed the HIV infection from a fatal event to a chronic disease, treated HIV patients demonstrate high prevalence of HIV associated comorbidities including cardio/cerebrovascular diseases. The incidence of stroke in HIV infected subjects is three times higher than that of uninfected controls. Several clinical and postmortem studies have documented the higher incidence of ischemic stroke in HIV infected patients. The etiology of stroke in HIV infected patients remains unknown; however, several factors such as coagulopathies, opportunistic infections, vascular abnormalities, atherosclerosis and diabetes can contribute to the pathogenesis of stroke. In addition, chronic administration of ART contributes to the increased risk of stroke in HIV infected patients. Concurrently, experimental studies in murine model of ischemic stroke demonstrated that HIV infection worsens stroke outcome, increases blood brain barrier permeability and increases neuroinflammation. Additionally, residual HIV viral proteins, such as Trans-Activator of Transcription, glycoprotein 120 and Negative regulatory factor, contribute to the pathogenesis. This review presents comprehensive information detailing the risk factors contributing to ischemic stroke in HIV infected patients. It also outlines experimental evidence demonstrating the impact of HIV infection on stroke outcomes, in addition to possible novel therapeutic approaches to improve these outcomes.

scholarly journals Current epidemiological and etiological characteristics and treatment of seizures or epilepsy in patients with HIV infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhao Yu ◽  
Dong Zhou ◽  
Weijia Jiang ◽  
Jie Mu
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Antiepileptic Drug ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Predisposing Factor

Abstract Seizures or epilepsy is one of the common serious complications in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or diagnosed with immune deficiency syndrome, with higher incidence and prevalence than in the general population. Generalized seizures are the most common type in the patients. Opportunistic infections are a stereotypical predisposing factor for seizures in HIV patients, but a variety of pathogenic factors can also be found in these patients, such as metabolic perturbation and drug-drug interactions. The diagnostic criteria for seizures in these patients are the same as those in the general population. As HIV patients with seizures need to take both antivirals and antiepileptic drugs, the risk of drug-drug interactions is greatly increased, and the side effects of drugs may also become more prominent. At present, most experience in antiepileptic drug usage has come from the general population, and there is still a lack of guidance of antiepileptic drug use in special groups such as the HIV-infected people. Unlike the old-generation drugs that involve metabolisms through CYP450, the first-line antiepileptic drugs usually bypass CYP450, thus having less drug-drug interactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on the above-mentioned widely discussed topics and make a prospect on future research direction.

scholarly journals Clinical presentation and diagnosis of pneumonia in HIV-infected patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia Scutaru ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Immunocompromised Patient ◽  
Lung Imaging ◽  
Pulmonary Infections ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Extensive List

Pulmonary infections remain one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected people, and one of the most common causes of hospital admission of these persons. It is often difficult to diagnose pneumonia in patients with compromised immunity, with a wide range of opportunistic infections (bacterial, fungal, viral, parasitic, tuberculosis, etc.), but also an extensive list of other causes of fever and lung imaging changes, such as pulmonary embolism, tumors, atelectasis, or the simultaneous development of infections in other systems (digestive, renal), requiring more tests to confirm the diagnosis in immunocompromised patient compared to the immunocompetent.

scholarly journals KIDNEY DISEASE IN THE SETTING OF HIV INFECTION: CONCLUSIONS FROM A KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES (KDIGO) CONTROVERSIES CONFERENCE

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 84-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Swanepoel ◽  
M. G. Atta ◽  
V. D. D’Agati ◽  
M. M. Estrella ◽  
A. B. Fogo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Increased Risk

HIV-positive individuals are at increased risk for kidney disease, including HIV-associated nephropathy, noncollapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, immune-complex kidney disease, and comorbid kidney disease, as well as kidney injury resulting from prolonged exposure to antiretroviral therapy or from opportunistic infections. Clinical guidelines for kidney disease prevention and treatment in HIV-positive individuals are largely extrapolated from studies in the general population, and do not fully incorporate existing knowledge o f the unique HIV-related pathways and genetic factors that contribute to the risk of kidney disease in this population. We convened an international panel of experts in nephrology, renal pathology, and infectious diseases to define the pathology of kidney disease in the setting of HIV infection; describe the role of genetics in the natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals; characterize the renal risk-benefit of antiretroviral therapy for HIV treatment and prevention; and define best practices for the prevention and management of kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals.

scholarly journals Pemeriksaan Kadar Ureum dan Kreatinin Pasien HIV yang Mendapatkan Terapi ARV di Puskesmas Harapan Sentani Kabupaten Jayapura Papua

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Ester Rampa ◽  
Rini Prastyawati ◽  
Herlando Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
Disease Damage ◽  
Research Period

ARV therapy in HIV patients prolongs the age of HIV patients, but has a contribution to the incidence of kidney disease. Damage to kidney function is not only a result of HIV infection and side effects of ARV treatment but complications of opportunistic infections that can interfere with the functioning of other organs can also affect kidney function. This research aims to determine the results of examination of urea levels and creatinine levels in HIV patients with ARV therapy. This type of research was descriptive with a laboratory test approach. The research was conducted for 1 month, starting from May 1 to June 1, 2018. The population used in this research were all HIV patients with ARV therapy who conducted examinations at Harapan Sentani Health Center during the research period. The samples size were 24 (total sampling). The sample used was serum HIV sufferers with ARV therapy. Methods for examining kidney function include the levels of urea and creatinine used were photometry. The results showed that from 24 samples studied there were normal urea levels of 24 patients (100%) and no urea levels were found to increase or decrease (abnormally), whereas normal creatinine levels were 13 patients (54.3%) and creatinine levels were increased by 11 patients (45.7%). Keywords: HIV patients; ARV therapy; ereum; creatinine ABSTRAK Terapi ARV pada penderita HIV memperpanjang usia pasien HIV, namun memiliki kontribusi terhadap kejadian penyakit ginjal. Kerusakan fungsi ginjal bukan hanya akibat dari infeksi virus HIV dan efek samping dari pengobatan ARV tetapi komplikasi infeksi oportunistik yang dapat mengganggu fungsi organ tubuh yang lain juga bisa berpengaruh terhadap fungsi ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil pemeriksaan kadar ureum dan kadar kreatinin pada penderita HIV dengan terapi ARV. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan uji laboratorium. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 1 bulan, mulai dari tanggal 01 Mei sampai dengan 01 Juni 2018. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah semua pasien HIV dengan terapi ARV yang melakukan pemeriksaan di Puskesmas Harapan Sentani selama masa penelitian. Ukuran sampel adalah 24 (total sampling). Sampel yang digunakan adalah serum penderita HIV dengan terapi ARV. Metode pemeriksaan fungsi ginjal antara lain adalah kadar ureum dan kreatinin yang digunakan adalah fotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 24 sampel terdapat kadar ureum normal sebanyak 24 pasien (100%) dan tidak ditemukan kadar ureum yang meningkat atau menurun (abnormal), sedangkan kadar kreatinin yang normal sebanyak 13 pasien (54,3%) dan kadar kreatinin yang meningkat sebanyak 11 pasien (45,7%). Kata kunci: penderita HIV; terapi ARV; ureum; kreatinin

scholarly journals NeuroAIDS: An Evolving Epidemic

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (03) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Power ◽  
Lysa Boissé ◽  
Sean Rourke ◽  
M. John Gill
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Sensory Neuropathy ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
System Disease ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Increased Risk

Over 60,000 Canadians are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Greater than 50% of these individuals will develop a neurological disorder despite the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV causes nervous system disease at all stages of infection with adverse effects on quality of life, adherence to medications, employment and survival. These disorders include opportunistic infections in addition to distinct HIV-associated neurological syndromes and undesirable treatment-related effects. The latter two groups of disorders are often undiagnosed and untreated in both adolescents and adults. Direct HIV infection of central nervous system causes HIV-associated dementia, which is a progressive subcortical dementia. HIV infection of the peripheral nervous system produces a painful sensory neuropathy termed distal sensory polyneuropathy, which may be exacerbated by several antiretroviral drugs. Other important HIV-induced neurological disorders include vacuolar myelopathy and an increased risk of seizures. Future issues that will confound the presentation and treatment of HIV-induced nervous system disorders include the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant HIV strains, increasing age of HIV-infected patients, hepatitis C virus co-infection and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome. Herein, we review the clinical presentations, underlying pathogenesis and treatments of this burgeoning group of neurological disorders.

scholarly journals Death due to Acute Massive Pulmonary Thromboembolism Associated with Risperidone

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Eren ◽  
Nursel Türkmen Inanir ◽  
Bülent Eren ◽  
Eser Bayraktar ◽  
Tomas Vojtisek
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Pulmonary Thromboembolism ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Histopathologic Findings ◽  
Extremity Veins

The antipsychotic drug risperidone, which is extensively used, has also many side effects, as increased risk of stroke, thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism have been reported. We present a case of a 38 year-old-woman with psychiatric disorder who got worse in her home and died in the hospital. Throughout autopsy, during the internal examination, multiple thrombi in the pulmonary artery branches were observed; however, there were no pathology findings in the lower extremity veins. Blood chemistry test revealed 4 ng/ml of risperidone, 37 ng/ml of quetiapine and atropine; chemical examination of urine detected atropine, quetiapine, risperidone. Death occurred due to acute massive pulmonary thromboembolism. We aimed to discuss this case with autopsy and histopathologic findings, laboratory results in medico-legal literature.    

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