scholarly journals Pemeriksaan Kadar Ureum dan Kreatinin Pasien HIV yang Mendapatkan Terapi ARV di Puskesmas Harapan Sentani Kabupaten Jayapura Papua

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Ester Rampa ◽  
Rini Prastyawati ◽  
Herlando Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
Disease Damage ◽  
Research Period

ARV therapy in HIV patients prolongs the age of HIV patients, but has a contribution to the incidence of kidney disease. Damage to kidney function is not only a result of HIV infection and side effects of ARV treatment but complications of opportunistic infections that can interfere with the functioning of other organs can also affect kidney function. This research aims to determine the results of examination of urea levels and creatinine levels in HIV patients with ARV therapy. This type of research was descriptive with a laboratory test approach. The research was conducted for 1 month, starting from May 1 to June 1, 2018. The population used in this research were all HIV patients with ARV therapy who conducted examinations at Harapan Sentani Health Center during the research period. The samples size were 24 (total sampling). The sample used was serum HIV sufferers with ARV therapy. Methods for examining kidney function include the levels of urea and creatinine used were photometry. The results showed that from 24 samples studied there were normal urea levels of 24 patients (100%) and no urea levels were found to increase or decrease (abnormally), whereas normal creatinine levels were 13 patients (54.3%) and creatinine levels were increased by 11 patients (45.7%). Keywords: HIV patients; ARV therapy; ereum; creatinine ABSTRAK Terapi ARV pada penderita HIV memperpanjang usia pasien HIV, namun memiliki kontribusi terhadap kejadian penyakit ginjal. Kerusakan fungsi ginjal bukan hanya akibat dari infeksi virus HIV dan efek samping dari pengobatan ARV tetapi komplikasi infeksi oportunistik yang dapat mengganggu fungsi organ tubuh yang lain juga bisa berpengaruh terhadap fungsi ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil pemeriksaan kadar ureum dan kadar kreatinin pada penderita HIV dengan terapi ARV. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan uji laboratorium. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 1 bulan, mulai dari tanggal 01 Mei sampai dengan 01 Juni 2018. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah semua pasien HIV dengan terapi ARV yang melakukan pemeriksaan di Puskesmas Harapan Sentani selama masa penelitian. Ukuran sampel adalah 24 (total sampling). Sampel yang digunakan adalah serum penderita HIV dengan terapi ARV. Metode pemeriksaan fungsi ginjal antara lain adalah kadar ureum dan kreatinin yang digunakan adalah fotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 24 sampel terdapat kadar ureum normal sebanyak 24 pasien (100%) dan tidak ditemukan kadar ureum yang meningkat atau menurun (abnormal), sedangkan kadar kreatinin yang normal sebanyak 13 pasien (54,3%) dan kadar kreatinin yang meningkat sebanyak 11 pasien (45,7%). Kata kunci: penderita HIV; terapi ARV; ureum; kreatinin

scholarly journals A cross sectional survey of side effects of antiretroviral (ARV) in outpatients HIV by Naranjo Algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45
Author(s):  
Oki Nugraha Putra ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Naranjo Algorithm ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
Probable Category

Background: The main modality in HIV patients is the administration of long-treatment antiretroviral therapy (ARV). One of the problems from the use of ARV therapy is the side effects that can reduce patient compliance in taking medication, which has the potential to cause treatment failure. Objective: This study aims to examine the side effects and their causality in the use of ARVs in outpatient HIV patients at the VCT Clinic, Bhayangkara H.S. Hospital. Samsoeri Mertojoso Surabaya. Methods: This research was a prospective observational study with a cross-sectional design. Side effect data were taken from HIV patients by interview using the Naranjo algorithm. HIV patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study sample using consecutive sampling. This research was conducted from January to March 2020. Results: There were 72 outpatient HIV patients who met the inclusion criteria. The most opportunistic infections found in HIV patients are tuberculosis and Pneumocystis pneumonia. The results showed that the most common side effects experienced by patients were dizziness (43%), nausea and vomiting (31%), and rash (11%) with the highest Naranjo score being in the probable category of 86%. The Naranjo score in HIV patients with opportunistic infections and with comorbidities was significantly smaller than those in HIV patients without opportunistic infections or without comorbidities with independent t-test (P <0.05). Conclusion: The side effects in HIV patients while undergoing treatment with antiretroviral therapy are classified as a minor side effect and the cause of the side effects that occur is thought to be due to the probable category of ARV therapy. Keywords: HIV Patients, Antiretroviral, Side Effects, Naranjo's Algorithm.

scholarly journals Efavirenz induced gynecomastia, hidden reality: a case series

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1747
Author(s):  
Dnyanesh N. Morkar ◽  
Ankita Aneja ◽  
Rishabh Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Drug Adherence ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Haart Therapy

The prognosis of HIV infection has considerably improved following the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy by reducing AIDS related morbidity and mortality. At the same time, ART drugs are well known for their side effects. Gynaecomastia is a lesser known side effect of a commonly used anti-retroviral drug efavirenz. There are very few reports of HAART-induced gynaecomastia in resource-limited settings. The current study presents a series of three cases that developed ultrasound confirmed gynaecomastia following efavirenz containing HAART. Initial reports of gynaecomastia related to HAART were in HIV patients with lipodystrophy, they were termed as pseudogynaecomastia. Gradually, few reports of efavirenz related gynaecomastia were published wherein other causes of gynaecomastia were ruled out. Several hypothesis have been suggested for the pathophysiology of development of gynaecomastia related to efavirenz consumption. All other causes were ruled out in our patients too. The incidence of gynaecomastia is increasing in men with HIV on HAART therapy, proper identification and management will promote better drug adherence.

Unrecognised Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in an Emergency Department in Hong Kong: A Report of Four Cases

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-177
Author(s):  
KL Mok ◽  
PG Kan
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Accident And Emergency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes breakdown of the immune system and predisposes patients to various opportunistic infections and neoplasms. However, many patients may not be aware of the HIV infection before the development of their first HIV related complications. We reported four unrecognised HIV patients presenting to our accident and emergency department with common complications of HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although not as common as in America, emergency physicians in Hong Kong still have to take care of patients with unknown HIV status. The common presentations of HIV patients will be discussed. A high index of suspicion and knowledge of common HIV/AIDS complications are required for managing these patients.

Kidney Function and Anemia Prevalence in Patients with HIV Infection.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 2259-2259
Author(s):  
Michael Dickson ◽  
Samir H. Mody ◽  
Brahim Bookhart ◽  
Marya Zilberberg
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Actual Prevalence ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract Background: Recent guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) for the management of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in HIV+ patients highlight that up to 30% of HIV+ patients have abnormal kidney function. These guidelines also discuss the effects of CKD on HIV disease progression and the need to diagnose and manage CKD in patients with HIV. While the presence of CKD is associated with an increased rate of anemia in the general population, the prevalence of anemia among HIV patients with CKD is less well known. This is of particular importance as anemia is known to occur in at least 20% of HIV patients overall. The current analysis was undertaken to determine the distribution of kidney function levels among HIV patients and to stratify anemia risk based on these levels. Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of data collected between 1996 and 2004 from an integrated, commercial database of claims and laboratory values, subjects with HIV infection designated by ICD-9 code were identified. Subjects were included if they were at least 17.5 years old and had at least 1 value during this time period for plasma creatinine (PCr), serum urea nitrogen (SUN), albumin (Alb) and hemoglobin (Hb). If a subject had multiple lab values recorded, only the most recent lab value was utilized for the analysis. Subjects with any diagnosis or procedure code pertaining to dialysis were excluded. Kidney function was assessed by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and calculated using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) method as follows: GFR= 170 x [PCr]−0.999 x [Age] −0.176 x [SUN] −0.170 x [Alb]+0.318 x [0.762 if female] x [1.18 if black]. Since race was not reported in the database, this parameter was not included in the calculation. Anemia was defined as Hb <13 g/dL for men; <12 g/dL for women. Results: Of the 2,032 subjects identified with HIV, 840 (41%) met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of these subjects was 43.7±12.6 years; 72% were male; mean Hb was 14.3±1.6 g/dL. Mean GFR was 91.1±21.1 mL/min/1.73m3. See Table 1 for the incidence of anemia associated with increasing severity of CKD. Conclusions: Overall prevalence of GFR <90 mL/min/1.73m3 among HIV patients was 48.5%. This is similar to the 43.5% demonstrated in a recent analysis of HIV patients,1 and higher than the 35.9% seen in the general population.2 It may, however, be an overestimate of the actual prevalence of CKD, since race was not analyzed. In addition, patients with GFRs ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73m3 require data on proteinuria to diagnose CKD. As is the case in the general population, anemia increases in prevalence with severity of CKD. Anemia in either CKD or HIV patients is associated with increased morbidity and mortality3,4; therefore, a prompt diagnosis of anemia is warranted, as it may impact clinical treatments and outcomes in this population. Table 1: Incidence of anemia associated with worsening GFR GFR (mL/min/1.73m3)* N (%) Anemia N (% total) *lower values mean worsening kidney function. ≥ 90 433 (51.5) 52 (12) 60–89 359 (42.7) 32 (9) 30–59 44 (5.3) 11 (25) 15–29 4 (0.5) 3 (75) <15 0 0

scholarly journals Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moses Temidayo Abiodun ◽  
Nosakhare J. Iduoriyekemwen ◽  
Phillip O. Abiodun
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Cystatin C ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Serum Cystatin C ◽  
Serum Cystatin ◽  
The Mean

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is now a confirmed risk factor for kidney disease with an increased burden in persons of African descent.Method. We measured the serum cystatin C levels of 205 ART-naive, HIV-infected children by an ELISA technique and compared them with the levels of apparently healthy children.Result. The mean ± SD serum cystatin C level of children with HIV infection was 1.01 ± 0.44 mg/L, significantly higher than the mean value in the control group, that is, 0.72 ± 0.20 mg/L (P=0.000). The mean ± SD cystatin C-based estimated GFR of children with HIV infection was 102.7 ± 31.0 mL/min/1.73 m2, significantly lower than 126.9 ± 28.5 mL/min/1.73 m2in the control group, (P=0.014). A significantly higher proportion of HIV-infected children compared to controls had eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2(21.5% versus 5.4%;P=0.00). The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the HIV-infected children was 10.7%. The cystatin C-based eGFR of the HIV-infected children ≥5 years old correlated positively with their CD4 count (r=0.23;  P=0.022).Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of CKD among HIV-infected children, requiring regular monitoring of their kidney function using a cystatin C-based method.

scholarly journals Opportunistic diseases in patients with HIV infection in the intensive care unit

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
G M Kozhevnikova ◽  
S L Voznesenskiy ◽  
T N Ermak ◽  
E V Petrova ◽  
V P Golub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Pneumocystis Pneumonia ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Secondary Diseases

The aim of the study was to analyze the incidence and prevalence of opportunistic diseases and comorbidities in patients admitted in the intensive care unit. Materials and methods. A specialized intensive care unit (ICU) for patients with severe HIV infection was set up in 2014 at the infectious diseases 2nd state hospital Moscow. It provides intensive care and treatments for HIV patients with severe co-morbidities and opportunistic infections. Retrospective analysis of medical records from 2014-2016 was carried out. Also carried out was a comparative study of the most common presentation of secondary diseases with available data of HIV patients in Russia from 1993-1997. Results. The number of patients treated increased from 455 to 852, and the death rate in the department decreased from 64.8 to 50.2% since it began operating. The opportunistic infections noted were cytomegalovirus, pneumocystis pneumonia, esophageal candidiasis, tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis of the brain. The most common comorbidities were chronic hepatitis C and mixed form of chronic hepatitis with cirrhosis complications. Despite the vast diagnostic possibilities, bacterial pneumonia and encephalitis of unknown origin significantly occurred. Comparative study of secondary disease since the early 1990s revealed a significant increase in cerebral toxoplasmosis (from 1.7 to 10.4%), pneumocystis pneumonia (from 5.2 to 16.0%) and encephalitis of unspecified etiology (from 13.8 to 39.4%) Conclusion. Disease severity among HIV patients is increasing. CMV and pneumocystis pneumonia were predominant opportunistic diseases. There were significant changes in the presentation of secondary diseases compared to data from 1993-1997.

scholarly journals HIV/AIDS Patients’ Survival Rate between One Co-infection and More Than One Opportunistic Co-infection at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan in 2015-2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 447-453
Author(s):  
Rizal Abdul Munaf ◽  
Tambar Kembaren ◽  
Restuti Hidayani S
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: AIDS is a collection of disease symptoms caused by HIV that damages the human immune system. Decreased immunity causes the patient to be very susceptible to various, often fatal, infectious diseases (opportunistic infections). Aim: To determine the difference in HIV/AIDS patients' survival rate between one co-infection and more than one opportunistic co-infection at Haji Adam Malik Hospital Medan in 2015-2017. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort analytic study using secondary data from medical records of HIV patients from January 2015-December 2017. The samples were 34 HIV/AIDS patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, selected by consecutive technique sampling. Descriptive statistical analysis was used for demographic data. Kaplan Meier's statistical analysis was used for endurance or survival tests. The difference was considered statistically significant if p<0.05. Results: The most opportunistic infections found were diarrhea in 265 subjects (55.67%), followed by toxoplasmosis in 159 subjects (33.40%), oral candidiasis 141 subjects (29.62%), CMV 78 subjects (16.39%), pneumonia 63 subjects (13.24%), sepsis 62 subjects (13.03%), PCP 45 subjects (9.45%), hepatitis B 38 subjects (7.98%), chlamydia 24 subjects (5.04%), hepatitis C 14 subjects (2, 94%), Herpes zoster 11 subjects (2.31%), lymphadenopathy 4 subjects (0.84%), and the least common were NHL 1 subject (0.21%) and Penicilosis 1 subject (0.21%). Conclusion: The HIV patients’ survival rates are different based on the number of opportunistic infections. According to the order, the most common opportunistic infections were diarrhea, toxoplasmosis, and oral candidiasis. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, opportunistic infections, oral candidiasis, toxoplasmosis, diarrhea.

scholarly journals Current epidemiological and etiological characteristics and treatment of seizures or epilepsy in patients with HIV infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changhao Yu ◽  
Dong Zhou ◽  
Weijia Jiang ◽  
Jie Mu
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Antiepileptic Drug ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Predisposing Factor

Abstract Seizures or epilepsy is one of the common serious complications in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or diagnosed with immune deficiency syndrome, with higher incidence and prevalence than in the general population. Generalized seizures are the most common type in the patients. Opportunistic infections are a stereotypical predisposing factor for seizures in HIV patients, but a variety of pathogenic factors can also be found in these patients, such as metabolic perturbation and drug-drug interactions. The diagnostic criteria for seizures in these patients are the same as those in the general population. As HIV patients with seizures need to take both antivirals and antiepileptic drugs, the risk of drug-drug interactions is greatly increased, and the side effects of drugs may also become more prominent. At present, most experience in antiepileptic drug usage has come from the general population, and there is still a lack of guidance of antiepileptic drug use in special groups such as the HIV-infected people. Unlike the old-generation drugs that involve metabolisms through CYP450, the first-line antiepileptic drugs usually bypass CYP450, thus having less drug-drug interactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress on the above-mentioned widely discussed topics and make a prospect on future research direction.

scholarly journals KIDNEY DISEASE IN THE SETTING OF HIV INFECTION: CONCLUSIONS FROM A KIDNEY DISEASE: IMPROVING GLOBAL OUTCOMES (KDIGO) CONTROVERSIES CONFERENCE

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 84-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Swanepoel ◽  
M. G. Atta ◽  
V. D. D’Agati ◽  
M. M. Estrella ◽  
A. B. Fogo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Increased Risk

HIV-positive individuals are at increased risk for kidney disease, including HIV-associated nephropathy, noncollapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, immune-complex kidney disease, and comorbid kidney disease, as well as kidney injury resulting from prolonged exposure to antiretroviral therapy or from opportunistic infections. Clinical guidelines for kidney disease prevention and treatment in HIV-positive individuals are largely extrapolated from studies in the general population, and do not fully incorporate existing knowledge o f the unique HIV-related pathways and genetic factors that contribute to the risk of kidney disease in this population. We convened an international panel of experts in nephrology, renal pathology, and infectious diseases to define the pathology of kidney disease in the setting of HIV infection; describe the role of genetics in the natural history, diagnosis, and treatment of kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals; characterize the renal risk-benefit of antiretroviral therapy for HIV treatment and prevention; and define best practices for the prevention and management of kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals.

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