scholarly journals Identification of Motive Forces on the Whole Body System during Walking

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Raghdan J. AlKhoury ◽  
Suraj Joshi ◽  
Rama B. Bhat ◽  
Shiping Ma
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Contact Conditions ◽  
Runge Kutta Method ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Time Invariant ◽  
Different Parts

Motive forces by muscles are applied to different parts of the human body in a periodic fashion when walking at a uniform rate. In this study, the whole human body is modeled as a multidegree of freedom (MDOF) system with seven degrees of freedom. In view of the changing contact conditions with the ground due to alternating feet movements, the system under study is considered piecewise time invariant for each half-period when one foot is in contact with the ground. Forces transmitted from the body to the ground while walking at a normal pace are experimentally measured and numerically simulated. Fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is employed to numerically simulate the forces acting on different masses of the body. An optimization problem is formulated with the squared difference between the measured and simulated forces transmitted to the ground as the objective function, and the motive forces on the body masses as the design variables to solve.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL AGE AS A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING HEALTH LEVEL UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 761-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. Prokhorov ◽  
V. I. Dontsov ◽  
Vyacheslav N. Krutko ◽  
T. M. Khodykina
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Age ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Biomarkers Of Aging ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Definition Of

The widespread formation of unfavorable environmental, the swiftness of modern life with large information and psycho-emotional loads and extremely natural and climatic cataclysms, as well as harmful addictions and wrong way of life of modern human, lead to the development of stress and disruption of the mechanisms of adaptation of the human body and its accelerated wear. This stimulates the development of research on the creation of new methods of integrated assessment of health and quantitative assessment of the aging processes of the body systems and the whole body, as well as the possibilities of new methods of risk assessment of climatic and environmentally related pathological and age-related diseases. The aim of the work was to consider the methodology of quantitative assessment of individual health and the rate of aging of the human body on the basis of the system index of Biological age (BA); description of its essence and structure, requirements for tests - biomarkers of aging used as the index of BA, definition of possibilities and scope of application of the BA method in modern practice of Biomedicine. The use of modern methods of scientific analysis - a systematic approach to the analysis of the processes of human aging and determine its quantitative side - the value of BA, allows a reasonable approach to the choice of the number of BM, to take into account their information content and precision, and the cost of diagnostics and availability for different users, to take into account the specific objectives of the researcher. The use of the index-partial BA allows individual approaching the choice of biomarkers and create personalized panels for the definition of BA programs for the prevention of aging in personalized preventive medicine. The complexity of the content and calculation of indices of BA requires automation and the use of methods of modern computer science and computer calculations and programs. For this purpose, we have created special computer software for diagnosing aging by calculating the BA indices with the possibility of choosing BM and automatic calculation of indicators and conclusions.

scholarly journals Safe Duration Of A Person Soaking Inside A Hot Tub: Theoretical Prediction of Temperature Elevations in Human Bodies Using A Whole Body Heat Transfer Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myo Min Zaw ◽  
Manpreet Singh ◽  
Ronghui Ma ◽  
Liang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Energy Balance Equation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Transient Temperature ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Bioheat Equation ◽  
Arterial Blood

In this study, we first develop a whole body model based on measurements of a human body, with realistic boundary conditions incorporated before and after a person jumps into a hot tub. For the transient heat transfer simulation, the initial condition is the established steady state temperature field of the human body with appropriate clothing layer to ensure the thermal equilibrium of the body with its surroundings. Once the person is inside a hot tub, the Pennes bioheat equation is used to simulate the transient temperature elevations of the body, and the rising of the arterial blood temperature is solved by an energy balance equation modeling thermal exchange between body tissue and the blood in the body. The safe duration of soaking in hot tubs is then determined as affected by the hot tub water temperatures.

Modeling of Human Reactions to Whole-Body Vibration

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid M. L. Amirouche
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Finite Segment ◽  
Body Vibration ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Impulse Function

A computer-automated approach for studying the human body vibration is presented. This includes vertical, horizontal, and torsional vibration. The procedure used is based on Finite Segment Modeling (FSM) of the human body, thus treating it as a mechanical structure. Kane’s equations as developed by Huston et al. are used to formulate the governing equations of motion. The connective tissues are modeled by springs and dampers. In addition, the paper presents the transient response of different parts of the body due to a sinusoidal forcing function as well as an impulse function applied to the lower torso in the vertical direction.

Hierarchical Engineering Model of the Human Body

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayajulu D. Karamchetty
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Hierarchical Modeling ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Complex Engineering

Engineers and scientists are able to understand and analyze the behavior of complex engineering systems in a wide range of critical technologies through hierarchical modeling followed by simulation of the model operation. This process results in a high fidelity integrated model as each level in the hierarchy is modeled in sufficient detail. The overall objective of this effort is to develop a sophisticated hierarchical model of the human body, followed by simulation of the model operation. In this initial research phase, the feasibility of the concept is explored and a framework for the model is described. A six-level model consisting of the whole body as a system, system of systems, organs, tissues, cells, and molecules is proposed and described. This paper explains that the human body is amenable to such hierarchical modeling and describes the benefits that can be achieved. The systems in the body deal with numerous processes: electrical, chemical, biochemical, energy conversion, transportation, pumping, sensing, communications, and so on. Control volume models for the organs in the body capture the mass and energy balance and chemical reactions. Tissue can be represented similar to structural components made of various biomaterials. Cells can be represented as a manufacturing and maintenance workforce assisted by molecular reactions. Following the representation of a healthy body, simulation runs by inserting faults and/or deficiencies in the operational parameters into the model could reveal the causes for specific diseases and illnesses. Such modeling and simulation will benefit medical, pharmaceutical, nutritional specialists, and engineers in designing, developing, and delivering products and services to enable humans to lead healthy lives.

Dynamic Optimization of a Three Translational Degrees of Freedom Parallel Robot Based on a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm

2015 ◽  
Vol 789-790 ◽  
pp. 723-734
Author(s):  
Xing Guo Lu ◽  
Ming Liu ◽  
Min Xiu Kong
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Dynamic Optimization ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Parallel Robot ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Global Dynamic ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Dynamic Fluctuation

This work tends to deal with the multi-objective dynamic optimization problem of a three translational degrees of freedom parallel robot. Two global dynamic indices are proposed as the objective functions for the dynamic optimization: the index of dynamic dexterity, the index describing the dynamic fluctuation effects. The length of the linkages and the circumradius of the platforms were chosen as the design variables. A multi-objective optimal design problem, including constrains on the actuating and passive joint angle limits and geometrical interference is then formulated to find the Pareto solutions for the robot in a desired workspace. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) is adopted to solve the constrained nonlinear multi-objective optimization problem. The simulation results obtained shows that the robot can achieve better dynamic dexterity and less dynamic fluctuation simultaneously after the optimization.

scholarly journals Features of transcutaneous penetration of lead into the human body

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Nikolay A. Kashuba
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Mechanical Methods ◽  
Intense Physical Activity

Introduction. One of the features of lead is its high ability to disintegrate and significantly contaminate the environment. The contamination of hands or the whole body with lead creates a high probability of penetrating micro- and nanoparticles through the skin into the body. Nowadays, this process is not sufficiently studied. There is evidence that inorganic compounds or metallic particles of lead can penetrate through the skin into a human body. Material and methods. centrifuge 10000 rpm, laser emitter (wavelength 625-740 nm), optical microscope, voltampermetric analyzer ABA-2, Analysette 12 Dyna Sizer, magnetic stirrer, distiller, Na2S solution. The studies were conducted in 2017-2018 among the workers of battery sections of technical service stations in Ternopol - 17 people. The research results were processed by the statistical package SPSS 19. Results. The process of mechanical contamination by the skin with lead, rejection of micro particles from the surface of lead, and, to a lesser extent, ultrafine nanoparticles, which can penetrate the sweat glands, was established to occur. The studies have shown in the washings from the palms particles’ skin are detected mainly in the size of 1 μm - 100 nm. In the process of finding the particles of lead in the sweat glands, their length decreases to Nanoscale, allowing them freely entering the body. The decrease in particle size in the sweat glands occurs due to the formation of soluble lead compounds. Presumably, the main chemical contributing to this process is lactic acid. With increasing exposure, the size of lead particles in the sweat glands decreases. Intensive cleaning of the skin surface by mechanical methods, and detergents, followed by contamination with lead, promotes the penetration of lead particles into the sweat glands and its further spread in the body. The intense physical activity was established to contribute to a decrease in particle size, which suggests chemical interaction of lead with lactic acid and the formation of soluble lead lactate. The assumption is confirmed by studies of the composition of sweat, which is detected lead lactate. Conclusion. The lead ability to penetrating a human body transcutaneously in the form of nanoparticles and soluble compounds has been proven. Intense physical activity facilitates the penetration of lead into the body.

Influence of Exercise Condition on Tissue Blood Temperature Using Whole Body Model

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swarup A. Zachariah ◽  
Anup K. Paul ◽  
Rupak K. Banerjee ◽  
Liang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Temperature ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Blood Temperature ◽  
Exercise Condition ◽  
Core Body

Predicting thermal responses of the human body accurately during different exercise conditions is of increasing importance. Computing changes in the core body temperature (T c) during exercise require detailed modeling of both the body tissue temperature and the time-dependent blood temperature. Predicting changes in T c is challenging because the model needs to respond effectively to the changes in perfusion or sweating. Our study was to demonstrate the ability of a recently developed whole body heat transfer model. It simulates the tissue-blood interaction to predict the thermal response of the human body under different exercise intensities. The cases simulated were of a human being walking on a treadmill at 0.9, 1.2 and 1.8 m/s for 30 minutes. It was shown that T c was effectively regulated within 0.17 °C of the steady state value of 37.23 °C for the three cases by means of adjusting the cardiac output; varying between 15 to 25 liters per minute.

Real-Time Motion Capture for a Human Body using Accelerometers

Robotica ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 601-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihong Lee ◽  
Insoo Ha
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Human Motion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Time Motion ◽  
Gravity Acceleration

In this paper we propose a set of techniques for a real-time motion capture of a human body. The proposed motion capture system is based on low cost accelerometers, and is capable of identifying the body configuration by extracting gravity-related terms from the sensor data. One sensor unit is composed of 3 accelerometers arranged orthogonally to each other, and is capable of identifying 2 rotating angles of joints with 2 degrees of freedom. A geometric fusion technique is applied to cope with the uncertainty of sensor data. A practical calibration technique is also proposed to handle errors in aligning the sensing axis to the coordination axis. In the case where motion acceleration is not negligible compared with gravity acceleration, a compensation technique to extract gravity acceleration from the sensor data is proposed. Experimental results not only for individual techniques but also for human motion capturing with graphics are included.

scholarly journals An Online Method to Detect and Locate an External Load on the Human Body with Applications in Ergonomics Assessment

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4471
Author(s):  
Marta Lorenzini ◽  
Wansoo Kim ◽  
Elena De Momi ◽  
Arash Ajoudani
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
External Load ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Contact Points ◽  
Reaction Forces

In this work, we propose an online method to detect and approximately locate an external load induced on the body of a person interacting with the environment. The method is based on a torque equilibrium condition on the human sagittal plane, which takes into account a reduced-complexity model of the whole-body centre of pressure (CoP) along with the measured one, and the vertical component of the ground reaction forces (vGRFs). The latter is combined with a statistical analysis approach to improve the localisation accuracy, (which is subject to uncertainties) to the extent of the industrial applications we target. The proposed technique eliminates the assumption of known contact position of an external load on the human limbs, allowing a more flexible online body-state tracking. The accuracy of the proposed method is first evaluated via a simulation study in which various contact points on different body postures are considered. Next, experiments on human subjects with three different contact locations applied to the human body are presented, revealing the validity of the proposed methodology. Lastly, its benefit in the estimation of human dynamic states is demonstrated. These results add another layer to the online human ergonomics assessment framework developed in our laboratory, extending it to more realistic and varying interaction conditions.

scholarly journals Optimal Reconfiguration of a Parallel Robot for Forward Singularities Avoidance in Rehabilitation Therapies. A Comparison via Different Optimization Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Llopis-Albert ◽  
Francisco Valero ◽  
Vicente Mata ◽  
José L. Pulloquinga ◽  
Pau Zamora-Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Local Minimum ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Parallel Robot ◽  
Generalized Coordinates ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Optimal Reconfiguration ◽  
Gradient Based ◽  
Parallel Kinematic

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for the reconfiguration of a parallel kinematic manipulator with four degrees of freedom. The reconfiguration of the parallel manipulator is posed as a nonlinear optimization problem where the design variables correspond to the anchoring points of the limbs of the robot on the fixed platform. The penalty function minimizes the forces applied by the actuators during a specific trajectory. Some constraints are imposed to avoid forward singularities and guarantee the feasibility of the active generalized coordinates for a certain trajectory. The results are compared with different optimization approaches with the aim of avoiding getting trapped into a local minimum and undergoing forward singularities. The comparison covers evolutionary algorithms, heuristics optimizers, multistrategy algorithms, and gradient-based optimizers. The proposed methodology has been successfully tested on an actual parallel robot for different trajectories.

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