scholarly journals A Spotlight on Liquefaction: Evidence from Clinical Settings and Experimental Models in Tuberculosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere-Joan Cardona
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Cavity Formation ◽  
Stochastic Effect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Active Disease

Liquefaction is one of the most intriguing aspects of human tuberculosis. It is a major cause of the transition from the infection to active disease (tuberculosis, TB) as well as the transmission ofM. tuberculosisto other persons. This paper reviews the natural history of liquefaction in humans from a pathological and radiological point of view and discusses how the experimental models available can be used to address the topic of liquefaction and cavity formation. Different concepts that have been related to liquefaction, from the influence of immune response to mechanical factors, are reviewed. Synchronic necrosis or apoptosis of infected macrophages in a close area, together with an ineffective fibrosis, appears to be clue in this process, in which macrophages, the immune response, and bacillary load interact usually in a particular scenario: the upper lobes of the lung. The summary would be that even if being a stochastic effect, liquefaction would result if the organization of the intragranulomatous necrosis (by means of fibrosis) would be disturbed.

The natural history of the immune response to exogenous factor VIII in severe haemophilia A

Haemophilia ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Lee ◽  
C. M. Kessler ◽  
D. Varon ◽  
U. Martinowitz ◽  
M. Heim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Haemophilia A ◽  
Severe Haemophilia ◽  
Exogenous Factor ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals The emergence of latent infection in the early evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1831) ◽  
pp. 20160499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca H. Chisholm ◽  
Mark M. Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Safe Harbour ◽  
Active Disease

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has an unusual natural history in that the vast majority of its human hosts enter a latent state that is both non-infectious and devoid of any symptoms of disease. From the pathogen perspective, it seems counterproductive to relinquish reproductive opportunities to achieve a détente with the host immune response. However, a small fraction of latent infections reactivate to the disease state. Thus, latency has been argued to provide a safe harbour for future infections which optimizes the persistence of M. tuberculosis in human populations. Yet, if a pathogen begins interactions with humans as an active disease without latency, how could it begin to evolve latency properties without incurring an immediate reproductive disadvantage? We address this question with a mathematical model. Results suggest that the emergence of tuberculosis latency may have been enabled by a mechanism akin to cryptic genetic variation in that detrimental latency properties were hidden from natural selection until their expression became evolutionarily favoured.

scholarly journals On a convenient terminology for the various stages of the malaria parasite

1902 ◽  
Vol 70 (459-466) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
History Museum ◽  
General Morphology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reproductive Phases

I have found it necessary in labelling a series of models of the malaria parasite in the Central Hall of the Natural History Museum to use as simple and clear a terminology as possible. I think that this terminology will be found useful by others who are perplexed by such terms as “sporozoites,” “blasts,” “ookinetes,” “schizonts,” “amphionts,” and “sporonts”—terms which have their place in schemes dealing with the general morphology and life-history of the group Sporozoa, but are not, as experience shows, well suited for immediate use in describing and referring to the stages of the malaria parasite. It is necessary to treat the malaria parasite from the point of view of malaria; that is to say, to consider its significant phases to be those which it passes in the human blood. In reality its mature condition and most important motile, as well as its most prolific reproductive, phases are passed in the body of the mosquito.

scholarly journals Immune response pattern varies with the natural history of chronic hepatitis B

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 1950-1963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Tao Wang ◽  
Xue-Qi Zhao ◽  
Gui-Ping Li ◽  
Yi-Zhi Chen ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Diet in Intestinal Fibrosis: A Double-Edged Sword

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3148
Author(s):  
Rachel Marion-Letellier ◽  
Mathilde Leboutte ◽  
Asma Amamou ◽  
Maitreyi Raman ◽  
Guillaume Savoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Intestinal Fibrosis ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Fibrotic Diseases

The natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases, especially Crohn’s disease, is frequently complicated by intestinal fibrosis. Because of the lack of effective treatments for intestinal fibrosis, there is an urgent need to develop new therapies. Factors promoting intestinal fibrosis are currently unclear, but diet is a potential culprit. Diet may influence predisposition to develop intestinal fibrosis or alter its natural history by modification of both the host immune response and intestinal microbial composition. Few studies have documented the effects of dietary factors in modulating IBD-induced intestinal fibrosis. As the mechanisms behind fibrogenesis in the gut are believed to be broadly similar to those from extra-intestinal organs, it may be relevant to investigate which dietary components can inhibit or promote fibrosis factors such as myofibroblasts progenitor activation in other fibrotic diseases.

SPECIAL REVIEWS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
RALPH J. P. WEDGWOOD ◽  
CHARLES D. COOK ◽  
JONATHAN COHEN
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Endocrine Therapy ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Respiratory Involvement ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Follow Up Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Active Disease ◽  
Symptomatic Benefit

Twenty-six cases of dermatomyositis in children with follow-up studies ranging from one to 19 years are presented in order to indicate the natural history of this disease. Of these 26 children, 10 are dead, 4 still have active disease, 4 have crippling contractures and 8 are able to lead an active normal life. Thirteen of the children received endocrine therapy with adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisone or testosterone. This appeared to produce at least symptomatic benefit in some cases, particularly early in the course of the active disease and, coordinated with symptomatic care, helped to tide the patients through the acute stages. The most important treatment consists of persistent orthopedic measures and physiotherapy to minimize contractures. Since death in this disease often results from palato-respiratory involvement, maintenance of an adequate airway and the use of a mechanical respirator may be life-saving.

Can we educate a genius? Deliberations on the margins of the writings of Nietzsche

2017 ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Gurczyńska-Sady
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Education System ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Education Systems ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Education Process

The article deals with the issue of systemic education. The author asks a classic question of whether traditional education systems should concentrate on students with average abilities or maybe they should foster the most talented ones. Considerations on this subject are conducted with regard to the multi-layered thought of Nietzsche, whose position is so invaluable that in a possible polemic it is situated as an exceptionally radical. Writing down the natural history of mankind, Nietzsche formulates a thesis that the moment of the creation of the first human communities, the moment of the socialisation of man, was extremely unfavourable as far as man’s strength, ability and creativity are concerned. He presents socialisation, which is part of the education process, as beneficial for the community and detrimental to the individual. This situation in the course of history remains the same, which – after the adoption of Nietzschean assumptions – gives cause to adopt a radical position of those who deem the education system unfit to foster outstanding individuals. Nietzsche’s view, in comparison with other views, is so innovative that it considers the inability as genealogically founded. Although the educational system from the point of view of the majority contributes to the emergence of new content, ideas or values, it remains inefficient for individuals of genius.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document