scholarly journals 170 Years of “Lock-and-Key”: Genital Morphology and Reproductive Isolation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Masly

The divergent genital morphology observed among closely related animal species has long been posited as a mechanism of reproductive isolation. Despite the intuitive appeal that rapidly evolving genitalia might cause speciation, evidence for its importance—or even its potential—in reproductive isolation is mixed. Most tests of genital structural isolation between species often fail to find convincing evidence that differences in morphology prevent copulation or insemination between species. However, recent work suggests that differences in genital morphology might contribute to reproductive isolation in less obvious ways through interactions with sensory mechanisms that result in lowered reproductive fitness in heterospecific matings. In this paper, I present a brief history of the “lock-and-key” hypothesis, summarize the evidence for the involvement of genital morphology in different mechanisms of reproductive isolation, discuss progress in identifying the molecular and genetic bases of species differences in genital morphology, and discuss prospects for future work on the role of genitalia in speciation.

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1807) ◽  
pp. 20150157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Lukhtanov ◽  
Nazar A. Shapoval ◽  
Boris A. Anokhin ◽  
Alsu F. Saifitdinova ◽  
Valentina G. Kuznetsova

Genomes of numerous diploid plant and animal species possess traces of interspecific crosses, and many researches consider them as support for homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS), a process by which a new reproductively isolated species arises through hybridization and combination of parts of the parental genomes, but without an increase in ploidy. However, convincing evidence for a creative role of hybridization in the origin of reproductive isolation between hybrid and parental forms is extremely limited. Here, through studying Agrodiaetus butterflies, we provide proof of a previously unknown mode of HHS based on the formation of post-zygotic reproductive isolation via hybridization of chromosomally divergent parental species and subsequent fixation of a novel combination of chromosome fusions/fissions in hybrid descendants. We show that meiotic segregation, operating in the hybrid lineage, resulted in the formation of a new diploid genome, drastically rearranged in terms of chromosome number. We also demonstrate that during the heterozygous stage of the hybrid species formation, recombination was limited between rearranged chromosomes of different parental origin, representing evidence that the reproductive isolation was a direct consequence of hybridization.


1943 ◽  
Vol 47 (388) ◽  
pp. 113-117
Author(s):  
H. Strughold

Flight is the most 'perfect and unconstrained form of animal motion; it is also the most widespread, since it offers the most favourable conditions of survival in the struggle for existence. Animal species losing the power of flight, are an easy prey for their enemies, and speedily become extinct.Man, having achieved the power of mechanical flight by technical skill, has now introduced the art of flying in his own struggle for existence, as abundantly proved by the history of the past thirty years. Research, and not engineering research alone, has stood in the forefront of this development: filling the rôle of the advanced reconnaissance unit in development, experimentation, and the tactical application of the power of flight.Man, aircraft-borne, now flies higher (record altitude 17,000 m.), faster (speed record 755 km./h.), and farther (long-range distance record over 12,000 km.), than any other animal. This raises a query as to the effect of flight on the human organism.


2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. iii
Author(s):  
James R. Bull

It is a pleasure to introduce this issue devoted to the theme of aromaticity, and to comment on some historical considerations and criteria for Special Topic features in Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC). The core business of the Journal is to publish papers based upon authoritative lectures presented at IUPACsponsored conferences, symposia, and workshops, and to publish IUPAC Recommendations and Technical Reports.Special Topics were originally conceived as a tool to promote new and emerging principles and practice in all branches of chemical sciences, through the medium of works based upon inaugural events or special IUPAC projects. The latter projects were sometimes driven by Divisional or individual initiatives within the Union, but it has come to be recognized that regular IUPAC-sponsored series of international events also offer rich scope for highlighting important advances in specialized subject areas. This is reflected in the recent history of Special Topic issues. The criteria for selection have emerged as timeliness and strong evidence of support and interest from the community of authors and readers. Publication projects arising from the Special Topics initiative generally continue to achieve gratifyingly favorable citation profiles, and thereby support the view that they fulfil an important and distinctive need in current review literature.Proceedings of most events in the International Symposia in Novel Aromatic Compounds (ISNA) series have routinely been published in PAC for some 40 years, and offer convincing evidence of sustained interest in the chemistry and properties of aromatic compounds, and growing interdisciplinary interfaces with materials sciences and nanotechnologies. The series was inaugurated in Sendai, Japan (1970) as an International Symposium on the Chemistry of Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds. After a second meeting four years later, the current, more inclusive series title emerged as a prescient change that heralded astonishing advances in the role of aromaticity in new-age compounds and materials. The early three- to four-year intervals between events have recently diminished to two years, in apparent response to growing topicality and urgency. A case for Special Topic coverage of ISNA-13 is thus persuasively supported by the community that it serves, as well as the strong citation profiles of collections arising from recent events in the series.The passage to publication for this project has been materially supported by enthusiastic authorship cooperation and timely submission of manuscripts, and it is a particular pleasure to pay tribute to the Chair, Prof. François Diederich, and Co-chair, Prof. A. Dieter Schlüter of the Organizing Committee, and for their roles in the compilation of the scientific program and their exceptional devotion in contributing actively to overseeing peer review of the manuscripts. This collection will serve as an overview of current advances and future opportunities in the field of aromatic chemistry, and an enduring and representative record of an outstanding event.James R. BullScientific Editor


Evolution ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Frazee ◽  
Angelica R. Harper ◽  
Mehrnaz Afkhami ◽  
Michelle L. Wood ◽  
John C. McCrory ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Frazee ◽  
Angelica R. Harper ◽  
Mehrnaz Afkhami ◽  
Michelle L. Wood ◽  
John C. McCrory ◽  
...  

AbstractRapid divergence in genital structures among nascent species has been posited to be an early-evolving cause of reproductive isolation, although evidence supporting this idea as a widespread phenomenon remains mixed. Using a collection of interspecific introgression lines between two Drosophila species that diverged ∼240,000 years ago, we tested the hypothesis that even modest divergence in genital morphology can result in substantial fitness losses. We studied the reproductive consequences of variation in the male epandrial posterior lobes between Drosophila mauritiana and D. sechellia and found that divergence in posterior lobe morphology has significant fitness costs on several pre-fertilization and post-copulatory reproductive measures. Males with divergent posterior lobe morphology also significantly reduced the life span of their mates. Interestingly, one of the consequences of genital divergence was decreased oviposition and fertilization, which suggests that a sensory bias for posterior lobe morphology could exist in females, and thus posterior lobe morphology may be the target of cryptic female choice in these species. Our results provide evidence that divergence in genitalia can in fact give rise to substantial reproductive isolation early during species divergence, and they also reveal novel reproductive functions of the external male genitalia in Drosophila.


1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Hershman

Abstract Here I review some of the recent accomplishments in clinical endocrinology and clinical chemistry, point out the direction of future work, and try to predict some of the advances of the next decade. Endocrinology, perhaps more than any other branch of clinical medicine, is rooted in biochemistry and physiology. Endocrinologists have been leaders in the development of methods, which have been adapted by clinical chemists for wider applications than those conceived originally. For the sake of brevity, I shall not recount the early history of endocrinology in this century--or the enormous progress since Starling coined the term "hormone" and stated the physiological role of these chemical messengers in 1905. Progress in endocrinology in recent years has been astounding.


CNS Spectrums ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Albertella ◽  
Samuel R. Chamberlain ◽  
Mike E. Le Pelley ◽  
Lisa-Marie Greenwood ◽  
Rico SC Lee ◽  
...  

AbstractBackground.Compulsivity can be seen across various mental health conditions and refers to a tendency toward repetitive habitual acts that are persistent and functionally impairing. Compulsivity involves dysfunctional reward-related circuitry and is thought to be significantly heritable. Despite this, its measurement from a transdiagnostic perspective has received only scant research attention. Here we examine both the psychometric properties of a recently developed compulsivity scale, as well as its relationship with compulsive symptoms, familial risk, and reward-related attentional capture.Methods. Two-hundred and sixty individuals participated in the study (mean age = 36.0 [SD = 10.8] years; 60.0% male) and completed the Cambridge-Chicago Compulsivity Trait Scale (CHI-T), along with measures of psychiatric symptoms and family history thereof. Participants also completed a task designed to measure reward-related attentional capture (n = 177).Results.CHI-T total scores had a normal distribution and acceptable Cronbach’s alpha (0.84). CHI-T total scores correlated significantly and positively (all p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected) with Problematic Usage of the Internet, disordered gambling, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, alcohol misuse, and disordered eating. The scale was correlated significantly with history of addiction and obsessive-compulsive related disorders in first-degree relatives of participants and greater reward-related attentional capture.Conclusions. These findings suggest that the CHI-T is suitable for use in online studies and constitutes a transdiagnostic marker for a range of compulsive symptoms, their familial loading, and related cognitive markers. Future work should more extensively investigate the scale in normative and clinical cohorts, and the role of value-modulated attentional capture across compulsive disorders.


Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.


2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.


2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A442-A442
Author(s):  
P TSIBOURIS ◽  
M HENDRICKSE ◽  
P ISAACS

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