scholarly journals Compulsivity is measurable across distinct psychiatric symptom domains and is associated with familial risk and reward-related attentional capture

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Albertella ◽  
Samuel R. Chamberlain ◽  
Mike E. Le Pelley ◽  
Lisa-Marie Greenwood ◽  
Rico SC Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Cognitive Markers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Compulsive Disorders

AbstractBackground.Compulsivity can be seen across various mental health conditions and refers to a tendency toward repetitive habitual acts that are persistent and functionally impairing. Compulsivity involves dysfunctional reward-related circuitry and is thought to be significantly heritable. Despite this, its measurement from a transdiagnostic perspective has received only scant research attention. Here we examine both the psychometric properties of a recently developed compulsivity scale, as well as its relationship with compulsive symptoms, familial risk, and reward-related attentional capture.Methods. Two-hundred and sixty individuals participated in the study (mean age = 36.0 [SD = 10.8] years; 60.0% male) and completed the Cambridge-Chicago Compulsivity Trait Scale (CHI-T), along with measures of psychiatric symptoms and family history thereof. Participants also completed a task designed to measure reward-related attentional capture (n = 177).Results.CHI-T total scores had a normal distribution and acceptable Cronbach’s alpha (0.84). CHI-T total scores correlated significantly and positively (all p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected) with Problematic Usage of the Internet, disordered gambling, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, alcohol misuse, and disordered eating. The scale was correlated significantly with history of addiction and obsessive-compulsive related disorders in first-degree relatives of participants and greater reward-related attentional capture.Conclusions. These findings suggest that the CHI-T is suitable for use in online studies and constitutes a transdiagnostic marker for a range of compulsive symptoms, their familial loading, and related cognitive markers. Future work should more extensively investigate the scale in normative and clinical cohorts, and the role of value-modulated attentional capture across compulsive disorders.

Reliability of basal plasma vasopressin concentrations in healthy male adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Quintana ◽  
Lars T. Westlye ◽  
Knut T. Smerud ◽  
Ramy A. Mahmoud ◽  
Per G. Djupesland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Concordance Correlation ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Human Social Behaviour

ObjectiveThe neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) play important and interrelated roles in modulating mammalian social behaviour. While the OT system has received considerable research attention for its potential to treat psychiatric symptoms, comparatively little is known about the role of the AVP system in human social behaviour. To better understand the intraindividual stability of basal AVP, the present study assessed the reproducibility of basal plasma AVP concentrations.MethodsBasal plasma AVP was assessed at four sampling points separated by 8 days, on average, in 16 healthy adult males.ResultsOnly one out of six comparisons revealed strong evidence for reproducibility of basal AVP concentrations (visit 2 vs. visit 4:r=0.8,p<0.001; all other comparisonsp>0.1). The concordance correlation coefficient [0.15, 95% CI (−0.55, 0.73)] also revealed poor overall reproducibility.ConclusionPoor reliability of basal AVP concentrations suggests future work covarying AVP with trait markers should proceed with careful consideration of intraindividual fluctuations.

scholarly journals Neuropsychological And Psychopathological Profile Of Anti-Nmdar Encephalitis: A Possible Pathophysiological Model For Pediatric Neuropsychiatric Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1309-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Cainelli ◽  
Margherita Nosadini ◽  
Stefano Sartori ◽  
Agnese Suppiej
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Nmdar Encephalitis ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

Abstract Objective Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe, but treatable, autoimmune disorder, characterized by autoantibodies causing hypofunction of blocking NMDA receptors leading to a unique constellation of cognitive, motor, and psychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychological and psychopathological outcome has not been fully explored, particularly in children. Aim of this study was to investigate pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis as a model of impairment of the complex frontal-subcortical circuits who are implicated in several of the childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. Method Seven children diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis at our department underwent an evaluation of the global mental functioning before discharge, a neuropsychological and psychological/behavioral standardized examination within one month after discharge and subsequently were followed up longitudinally for mean 35 months (range 24–48 months). Collected neuropsychological data were evaluated retrospectively. Results Deficits in attention, executive functions and/or visual motor functions involving executive functions were seen in all children within one month after discharge. These deficits were long lasting in about a half of the patients. In addition, four patients developed persistent psychopathological dysfunctions: difficulties to regulate their own behavior, impulsivity, hyperactivity, irritability, apathy, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Conclusions Our data are in line with research suggesting a crucial role of the executive functions impairments in cognitive outcome disturbance of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. We found also behavioral and psychological deficits pointing to a more comprehensive framework of frontal-subcortical dysfunction, in which the NMDA mediated transmission appear to have a role, as suggested by neurobiological, pharmacological, and neuroimaging studies.

scholarly journals Exploration-related strategy mediates negative coupling between decision-making performance and psychiatric symptoms

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinsuke Suzuki ◽  
Yuichi Yamashita ◽  
Kentaro Katahira
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Negative Coupling ◽  
High Comorbidity ◽  
Model Based Analysis

AbstractVarious psychiatric symptoms are often accompanied by impairments in decision-making. Given the high comorbidity of psychiatric disorders, symptoms that specifically couple with the impairment remain unidentified. The computations involved in decision-making that mediate the coupling are also elusive. Here, we conducted an online experiment with healthy individuals (n=939), participating in a decision-making task and completing questionnaires about psychiatric symptoms. The questionnaire data identified two dimensions underlying various symptoms: the first is mainly associated with obsessive-compulsive traits whereas the second is associated with depression and anxiety. Furthermore, by model-based analysis, we found only the first dimension was negatively correlated with the overall performance of the decision-making task, and the negative correlation was mediated by choice stochasticity (random exploration) and propensity to choose options previously unchosen. Given that the preference for previously unchosen options can reflect uncertainty-driven exploration, our findings highlight a key role of exploration-related strategies in psychiatric deficits of decision-making.

scholarly journals Does disrupting the Orbitofrontal Cortex alter sensitivity to punishment? A potential mechanism of compulsivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karly Turner ◽  
Bernard Balleine ◽  
Laura Bradfield
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Core Characteristics ◽  
Compulsive Disorders ◽  
Sensitivity To Punishment ◽  
Altered Sensitivity ◽  
Precise Role

Abnormal orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activity is one of the most common findings from neuroimaging studies of individuals with compulsive disorders such as substance use disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The nature of this abnormality is complex however, with some studies reporting the OFC to be over-active in compulsive individuals relative to controls, whereas other studies report it being under-active, and a further set of studies reporting OFC abnormality in both directions within the same individuals. The OFC has been implicated in a broad range of cognitive processes such as decision-making and goal-directed action. OFC dysfunction could impair these processes leading to the kinds of cognitive/behavioural deficits observed in individuals with compulsive disorders. One such deficit that could arise as a result of OFC dysfunction is an altered sensitivity to punishment, which is one of the core characteristics displayed by individuals across multiple types of compulsive disorders. It is, therefore, the aim of the current review to assess the evidence implicating the OFC in adaptation to punishment and to attempt to identify the critical factors determining this relationship. We distil from this analysis some guidelines for future studies attempting to determine the precise role of the OFC in punishment.

scholarly journals History of psychosurgery at Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France, through translational interactions between psychiatrists and neurosurgeons

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. E9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Zanello ◽  
Johan Pallud ◽  
Nicolas Baup ◽  
Sophie Peeters ◽  
Baris Turak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
History Of

Sainte-Anne Hospital is the largest psychiatric hospital in Paris. Its long and fascinating history began in the 18th century. In 1952, it was at Sainte-Anne Hospital that Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker used the first neuroleptic, chlorpromazine, to cure psychiatric patients, putting an end to the expansion of psychosurgery. The Department of Neuro-psychosurgery was created in 1941. The works of successive heads of the Neurosurgery Department at Sainte-Anne Hospital summarized the history of psychosurgery in France.Pierre Puech defined psychosurgery as the necessary cooperation between neurosurgeons and psychiatrists to treat the conditions causing psychiatric symptoms, from brain tumors to mental health disorders. He reported the results of his series of 369 cases and underlined the necessity for proper follow-up and postoperative re-education, illustrating the relative caution of French neurosurgeons concerning psychosurgery.Marcel David and his assistants tried to follow their patients closely postoperatively; this resulted in numerous publications with significant follow-up and conclusions. As early as 1955, David reported intellectual degradation 2 years after prefrontal leucotomies.Jean Talairach, a psychiatrist who eventually trained as a neurosurgeon, was the first to describe anterior capsulotomy in 1949. He operated in several hospitals outside of Paris, including the Sarthe Psychiatric Hospital and the Public Institution of Mental Health in the Lille region. He developed stereotactic surgery, notably stereo-electroencephalography, for epilepsy surgery but also to treat psychiatric patients using stereotactic lesioning with radiofrequency ablation or radioactive seeds of yttrium-90.The evolution of functional neurosurgery has been marked by the development of deep brain stimulation, in particular for obsessive-compulsive disorder, replacing the former lesional stereotactic procedures.The history of Sainte-Anne Hospital’s Neurosurgery Department sheds light on the initiation—yet fast reconsideration—of psychosurgery in France. This relatively more prudent attitude toward the practice of psychosurgery compared with other countries was probably due to the historically strong collaboration between psychiatrists and neurosurgeons in France.

scholarly journals Brain tumors in patients primarly treated psychiatrically

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 809-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Ignjatovic-Ristic ◽  
Vesna Pusicic ◽  
Sanja Pejovic ◽  
Slavica Djukic-Dejanovic ◽  
Dragan Milovanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Raised Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
History Of

Introduction. Psychiatric symptoms are not rare manifestations of brain tumors. Brain tumors presented by symptoms of raised intracranial pressure, focal neurological signs, or convulsions are usually first seen by the neurologist or less frequently by the neurosurgeon in routine diagnostic procedures. On the other hand, when psychiatric symptoms are the first manifestation in ?neurologically silent? brain tumors, the patients are sent to the psychiatrist for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms and brain tumors are left misdiagnosed for a long period of time. Case Report. We presented three patients with the diagnosed brain tumor where psychiatrist had been the first specialist to be consulted. In all three cases neurological examination was generally unremarkable with no focal signs or features of raised intracranial pressure. CT scan demonstrated right insular tumor in a female patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); right parietal temporal tumor in a patient with delusions and depression and left frontal tumor in a patient with history of alcohol dependency. Conclusion. Psychiatric symptoms/disorders in patients with brain tumors are not specific enough and can have the same clinical presentation as the genuine psychiatric disorder. Therefore, we emphasize the consideration of neuroimaging in patients with abrupt beginning of psychiatric symptoms, in those with a change in mental status, or when headaches suddenly appear or in cases of treatment resistant psychiatric disorders regardless the lack of neurological symptoms.

The centennial lesson of encephalitis lethargica

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart Lutters ◽  
Paul Foley ◽  
Peter J. Koehler
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Organic Basis ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Encephalitis Lethargica ◽  
Postencephalitic Parkinsonism

We commemorate the centenary of Constantin von Economo's description of encephalitis lethargica, a mysterious disease that had a significant effect on 20th-century neuroscience. In the acute phase, encephalitis lethargica was marked by intractable somnolence, which von Economo attributed to lesions in the diencephalon, thereby paving the way for future efforts to localize the regulation of sleep in the subcortical brain. At the same time, neuropathologic findings in postencephalitic parkinsonism affirmed the role of the substantia nigra in the pathophysiology of parkinsonism. The occurrence of psychiatric symptoms in patients with encephalitis lethargica—such as mood disorders, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and bradyphrenia—drew attention to the organic basis of mental illness.

The Dilemma of Howard Hughes: Paradoxical Behavior in Compulsive Disorders

1986 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-240
Author(s):  
M. Brownstein ◽  
L. Solyom
Keyword(s):  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Unusual Variant ◽  
History Of ◽  
Compulsive Disorders

The history of Howard Hughes illustrates an unusual variant or end state of obsessive-compulsive neurosis in which a germ phobia coincides with the deliberate avoidance of cleaning and neglect of personal hygiene. We have reported on three patients who share similar symptomatology. In these cases, the coincidence of personal filthiness and a germ phobia appear paradoxical.

Kleptomania: characteristics of 12 cases

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Wiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Depressive Feelings ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders ◽  
Compulsive Disorders

SummaryA review of the literature showed that there is no good systematic study of a series of rigorously diagnosed “kleptomaniac” persons, other than those referred by the courts for expert opinions. This applies in particular to German-speaking and other European countries. We therefore report here on the phenomenology, demographics, psychopathology, family histories, treatment histories, behaviour therapy oriented analyses, and treatment results of 12 individuals meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R criteria for kleptomania. All patients described an uncontrollable impulse to steal and a reduction in anxiety or tension during or after the act. All had at least one further psychiatric diagnosis. Although the kleptomaniac symptomatology did not seem to be part of these other disorders, the extent of stealing corresponded (positively or negatively) to other psychiatric symptoms such as depressive feelings, excessive urges to eat or migraine attacks. Microanalysis of the act of theft, as well as the preceding and following events (explored by applying behaviour therapy oriented analysis) showed intraindividually consistent, but inter-individually differing triggering factors. There was no evidence of correlation with obsessive-compulsive disorders, but some indications that kleptomania may be associated with affective disorders in terms of an “affective spectrum disorder”. According to a broader definition of “multi-impulsive-disorder” (analogous to Lacey and Evans or Fichter et al), one third of the patients might be diagnosed as “bi-impulsive disorder”. Eight of the 12 patients could be investigated at a mean follow-up time of 2 years after discharge showing favourable results. In conclusion, kleptomaniac behaviour seems to be multiconditionally caused and sustained.

scholarly journals The role of blame-related action tendencies in the vulnerability to major depressive disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suqian Duan ◽  
Andrew Lawrence ◽  
Lucia Valmaggia ◽  
Jorge Moll ◽  
Roland Zahn
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Self Blame ◽  
Cognitive Markers ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Action Tendencies

AbstractBackgroundPersisting self-blaming emotional biases were previously associated with vulnerability to major depressive disorder (MDD). More specifically self-contempt/disgust biases distinguished remitted MDD, compared with never-depressed control participants. The contribution of action tendencies to MDD vulnerability and their relationship with blame-related emotions to prepare for subsequent behaviour is elusive. Here, we investigated whether maladaptive action tendencies such as “creating a distance from oneself” and “hiding” are associated with MDD vulnerability, as well as with self-disgust/contempt and shame respectively.Methods76 participants with medication-free remitted MDD and 44 healthy control (HC) participants without a personal or family history of MDD completed the value-related moral sentiment task, which measured their blame-related emotions during hypothetical social interactions and a novel task to assess their blame-related action tendencies.ResultsAs predicted, the MDD group exhibited a higher proneness to feeling like hiding and creating a distance from themselves compared with the HC group. Interestingly, apologising for one’s wrongdoing, was associated with all self-blaming emotions including shame, guilt, self-contempt/disgust and self-indignation, but was more common in HC. In contrast, apologising and perceiving to be in control of one’s friend’s wrongdoings were more common in MDD. Although shame was indeed associated with hiding, this was also true of guilt. Self-disgust/contempt was associated with attacking rather than creating a distance from oneself.ConclusionsMDD vulnerability was associated with specific maladaptive action tendencies which were not clearly predicted by the type of emotion, thus unveiling novel cognitive markers and neurocognitive treatment targets.General Scientific summaryThis study confirmed the hypothesis that specific maladaptive action tendencies related to self-blame, such as feeling like hiding and feeling like creating a distance from oneself, were distinctive of people with major depressive disorder, even on remission of symptoms. These action tendencies were not clearly predicted by the type of emotion experienced, showing the importance of assessing them directly. This calls for novel psychological and neurocognitive treatments specifically aiming at maladaptive action tendencies which have so far not been directly addressed in standard assessments and treatments.

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