scholarly journals Cardiovascular Risk Factors Promote Brain Hypoperfusion Leading to Cognitive Decline and Dementia

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack C. de la Torre
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation

Heart disease is the major leading cause of death and disability in the world. Mainly affecting the elderly population, heart disease and its main outcome, cardiovascular disease, have become an important risk factor in the development of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This paper examines the evidence linking chronic brain hypoperfusion induced by a variety of cardiovascular deficits in the development of cognitive impairment preceding AD. The evidence indicates a strong association between AD and cardiovascular risk factors, including ApoE4, atrial fibrillation, thrombotic events, hypertension, hypotension, heart failure, high serum markers of inflammation, coronary artery disease, low cardiac index, and valvular pathology. In elderly people whose cerebral perfusion is already diminished by their advanced age, additional reduction of cerebral blood flow stemming from abnormalities in the heart-brain vascular loop ostensibly increases the probability of developing AD. Evidence also suggests that a neuronal energy crisis brought on by relentless brain hypoperfusion may be responsible for protein synthesis abnormalities that later result in the classic neurodegenerative lesions involving the formation of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Insight into how cardiovascular risk factors can induce progressive cognitive impairment offers an enhanced understanding of the multifactorial pathophysiology characterizing AD and ways at preventing or managing the cardiovascular precursors of this dementia.

scholarly journals Influence of ApoE Genotype and Clock T3111C Interaction with Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Progression to Alzheimer’s Disease in Subjective Cognitive Decline and Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Bessi ◽  
Juri Balestrini ◽  
Silvia Bagnoli ◽  
Salvatore Mazzeo ◽  
Giulia Giacomucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Apoe Ε4 ◽  
History Of

Background: Some genes could interact with cardiovascular risk factors in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. We aimed to evaluate the interaction between ApoE ε4 status, Clock T3111C and Per2 C111G polymorphisms with cardiovascular profile in Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Methods: We included 68 patients who underwent clinical evaluation; neuropsychological assessment; ApoE, Clock and Per2 genotyping at baseline; and neuropsychological follow-up every 12–24 months for a mean of 13 years. We considered subjects who developed AD and non-converters. Results: Clock T3111C was detected in 47% of cases, Per2 C111G in 19% of cases. ApoE ε4 carriers presented higher risk of heart disease; Clock C-carriers were more frequently smokers than non C-carriers. During the follow-up, 17 patients progressed to AD. Age at baseline, ApoE ε 4 and dyslipidemia increased the risk of conversion to AD. ApoE ε4 carriers with history of dyslipidemia showed higher risk to convert to AD compared to ApoE ε4− groups and ApoE ε4+ without dyslipidemia patients. Clock C-carriers with history of blood hypertension had a higher risk of conversion to AD. Conclusions: ApoE and Clock T3111C seem to interact with cardiovascular risk factors in SCD and MCI patients influencing the progression to AD.

PROGNOSTICALITY OF CARDIOVASCULAR FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLAUCOMA IN THE ELDERLY

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Валерий Иванович Баранов ◽  
Татьяна Игоревна Субботина ◽  
Александр Викторович Иванов ◽  
Виктор Афанасьевич Иванов ◽  
Мария Сергеевна Митихина ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Primary Glaucoma

Развитие первичной открытоугольной глаукомы определяется множеством факторов риска, в том числе сердечно-сосудистыми, изучение которых выполняется крайне редко. Цель исследования - определение прогностической значимости системных сердечно-сосудистых факторов риска в развитии первичной открытоугольной глаукомы у пожилых людей. В клинических условиях проведено комплексное офтальмологическое обследование 250 пациентов 45-59 лет с первичной глаукомой, 260 пациентов 60-74 лет без первичной глаукомы, 280 пациентов 60-74 лет с первичной глаукомой. По единой методике проведено изучение в трёх вышеуказанных клинических группах сердечно-сосудистых факторов риска с определением прогностической значимости с учётом общепринятых требований. Установлена высокая распространённость среди факторов риска первичной открытоугольной глаукомы артериальной гипертензии, ишемической болезни сердца и атеросклероза сонных артерий. У пациентов основной группы в возрасте 60-74 лет, представленных больными первичной открытоугольной глаукомой, артериальная гипертензия, по данным анамнеза и анализа медицинской документации, встречается наиболее часто - в 78,6±2,5 на 100 обследованных, что значительно выше по сравнению с возрастным контролем, то есть пациентами 60-74 лет без вышеуказанной нозологии офтальмопатологии, где она зарегистрирована у существенно меньшей части - в 55,8±3,1 случаев на 100 обследованных со статистически значимым различием. Артериальная гипертензия реже по сравнению с пациентами с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой диагностируется в среднем возрасте пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой - в 44,8±3,1 случаев на 100 обследованных. Вторым наиболее часто встречающимся сердечно-сосудистым заболеванием, рассматриваемым нами в качестве сердечно-сосудистого фактора риска, является атеросклероз сонных артерий (внутренней и общей), который выявлен у 71,8±2,7 случаев на 100 обследованных. Это значительно выше, чем распространенность данной кардиоваскулярной патологии в пожилом возрасте, не имеющих первичной открытоугольной глаукомы. Однако распространенность атеросклероза у пациентов 45-59 лет с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой по сравнению с пациентами пожилого возраста без первичной открытоугольной глаукомы практически одинакова и не имеет статистически значимых различий. Значительно часто у больных пожилого возраста распространена ишемическая болезнь сердца, достигающая 60,7±2,9 случаев на 100 обследованных, что практически в 2 раза выше, чем в двух других группах. Однако наибольшей прогностической значимостью в отношении развития первичной глаукомы в пожилом возрасте обладают хроническая сердечная недостаточность, инфаркт миокарда в анамнезе и ишемическая болезнь сердца, что необходимо использовать при индивидуальном прогнозировании The development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) determined by a variety of risk factors, including cardiovascular ones, which are rarely studied. The aim of the study was to determine the prognostic significance of systemic cardiovascular risk factors in the development of POAG in the elderly. In clinical conditions, a comprehensive ophthalmological examination of 250 patients 45-59 years old with primary glaucoma, 260 patients 60-74 years old without primary glaucoma, 280 patients 60-74 years old with primary glaucoma performed. According to a single methodology, the study of cardiovascular risk factors in the three above-mentioned clinical groups carried out, with the determination of prognostic significance taking into account generally accepted requirements. The high prevalence of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease and carotid artery atherosclerosis among the risk factors for POAG was established. However, chronic heart failure, a history of myocardial infarction, and coronary heart disease have the greatest prognostic significance for the development of primary glaucoma in the elderly, which be used for individual prognosis

scholarly journals Butyrylcholinesterase Activity, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Mortality in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men and Women in Jerusalem

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 845-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronit Calderon-Margalit ◽  
Bella Adler ◽  
Joseph H Abramson ◽  
Jaime Gofin ◽  
Jeremy D Kark
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: The association of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) with Alzheimer disease and the association of this disease with cardiovascular risk factors raise interest in the association of BuChE activity with cardiovascular risk factors and mortality. Methods: A baseline cross-sectional study was conducted between 1985 and 1987, encompassing residents ≥50 years of age living in a Jewish neighborhood in western Jerusalem. Interviews were followed by examinations and nonfasting blood sampling (available for 1807 participants). Follow-up data to April 1996 on mortality and causes of death were obtained through record linkage with the Israeli Population Registry. Results: BuChE activity was inversely related to age and was positively associated with serum concentrations of albumin (r = 0.35; P <0.001), cholesterol (r = 0.31; P <0.001), and triglycerides (r = 0.30; P <0.001). Enzyme activity was associated with measures of overweight, obesity, and body fat distribution (e.g., body mass index, r = 0.20; P <0.001). In multivariate analysis, the associations of enzyme activity with serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and albumin persisted strongly. After adjustment by Cox proportional hazards regression for other predictors of mortality in this population, individuals in the lowest quintile of BuChE activity had significantly higher mortality than those in the highest quintile [hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals): all-cause mortality, 1.62 (1.15–2.30); cardiovascular deaths, 1.79 (1.05–3.05)]. The association was attenuated by introduction of serum albumin into the models. Conclusions: This is the first study to report on the association between BuChE and mortality. The relatively strong association of BuChE with serum lipid and albumin concentrations requires elucidation. Our results suggest that low BuChE activity may be a nonspecific risk factor for mortality in the elderly.

scholarly journals Cognitive health expectancies of cardiovascular risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidan Zheng ◽  
Fiona E Matthews ◽  
Kaarin J Anstey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Health Expectancy ◽  
Cognitive Health ◽  
Total Life Expectancy

Abstract Background Cognitive health expectancy estimates the proportion of the lifespan that is lived in good cognitive health at the population level. A number of cardiovascular diseases have been identified to be risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia including diabetes, stroke, heart diseases and hypertension. The aim of this study was to examine how these cardiovascular conditions relate to cognitive health expectancy. Methods Longitudinal data were obtained from the US Health and Retirement Study. Multistate modelling was used to estimate total life expectancy (LE), cognitive impairment free life expectancy (CIFLE) and years spent with cognitive impairment (CILE) across self-reported diabetes, hypertension, heart problems and stroke. Individual and cumulative effects of multiple cardiovascular conditions were examined. Results The presence of cardiovascular disease was associated with a 5- to 9-year decrease in LE and 4- to 8-year decrease in CIFLE at age 55. The outcomes varied in a hierarchical fashion by cardiovascular condition. Relative to other conditions, individuals with stroke had the shortest LE and CIFLE. Analysis of multiple cardiovascular risk factors revealed that each additional cardiovascular condition was associated with an exponential decrease in LE and CIFLE. Conclusions Having a cardiovascular condition is associated with a lower CIFLE and higher proportion of life lived with cognitive impairment. However, the outcomes vary depending on the type of cardiovascular condition. Reducing incidence of stroke and minimising exposure to multiple cardiovascular risk factors may be beneficial in helping to improve population estimates of cognitive health expectancy.

scholarly journals Influence of cardiovascular risk factors on pre-mild cognitive decline at middle and old age

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
N. N. Koberskaya ◽  
N. N. Yakhno ◽  
V. N. Gridin ◽  
D. S. Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neuropsychological Characteristics ◽  
Cardiac Disorders

Much attention is currently paid to non-dementia cognitive impairment, such as mild cognitive impairment and pre-mild cognitive decline (PMCD), since their timely detection and optimal correction increase the possibility of preventing dementia.Objective: to analyze the neuropsychological characteristics of patients with PMCD depending on the presence or absence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs): hypertension, cardiac disorders (ischemic heart disease, intracardiac conduction disturbance), and prior stroke and myocardial infarction, as well as diabetes mellitus.Patients and methods. Examinations were made in 182 patients (132 women, 50 men; mean age, 59.32±5.41 years) with PMCD and CVFRs, 101 patients (77 women, 24 men; mean age, 59.45±7.04 years) with PMCD without CVRFs, and 77 control persons (55 women, 22 men; mean age, 60.55±5.65 years). All underwent general clinical, neurological, and clinical psychological studies using rating scales and tests.Results and discussion. The patients with PMCD and CVRFs had lower scores on all neuropsychological tests than the control group and on most tests than the patients with PMCD without CVRFs. In addition to some deterioration in memory indicators, the patients with CVRFs performed worse executive function tests. Cluster analysis showed that in the patients with PMCD, the severity of cognitive decline was considerably affected by hypertension, cardiac disorders, and diabetes mellitus; among them, hypertension was of the most significance.Conclusion. The association of cognitive decline with the burden of CVRFs indicates their important role in the deterioration of cognitive functions in PMCD.

scholarly journals Association between ApoE ε4 Carrier Status and Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Mild Cognitive Impairment among Mexican Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Sara G. Aguilar-Navarro ◽  
Itzel I. Gonzalez-Aparicio ◽  
José Alberto Avila-Funes ◽  
Teresa Juárez-Cedillo ◽  
Teresa Tusié-Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Apoe Genotype ◽  
Carrier Status ◽  
Apoe Ε4 ◽  
Increased Risk

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (amnestic or non-amnestic) has different clinical and neuropsychological characteristics, and its evolution is heterogeneous. Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), such as hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia, and the presence of the Apolipoprotein E ε4 (ApoE ε4) polymorphism have been associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias but the relationship is inconsistent worldwide. We aimed to establish the association between the ApoE ε4 carrier status and CVRF on MCI subtypes (amnestic and non-amnestic) in Mexican older adults. Cross-sectional study including 137 older adults (n = 63 with normal cognition (NC), n = 24 with amnesic, and n = 50 with non-amnesic MCI). Multinomial logistic regression models were performed in order to determine the association between ApoE ε4 polymorphism carrier and CVRF on amnestic and non-amnestic-MCI. ApoE ε4 carrier status was present in 28.8% participants. The models showed that ApoE ε4 carrier status was not associated neither aMCI nor naMCI condition. The interaction term ApoE ε4 × CVRF was not statistically significant for both types of MCI. However, CVRF were associated with both types of MCI and the association remained statistically significant after adjustment by sex, age, and education level. The carrier status of the ApoE genotype does not contribute to this risk.

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