scholarly journals Peripheral Galanin Receptor 2 as a Target for the Modulation of Pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Hulse ◽  
Lucy F. Donaldson ◽  
David Wynick
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Galanin Receptor ◽  
Striking Increase ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dose Dependent

The neuropeptide galanin is widely expressed in the nervous system and has an important role in nociception. It has been shown that galanin can facilitate and inhibit nociception in a dose-dependent manner, principally through the central nervous system, with enhanced antinociceptive actions after nerve injury. However, following nerve injury, expression of galanin within the peripheral nervous system is dramatically increased up to 120-fold. Despite this striking increase in the peripheral nervous system, few studies have investigated the role that galanin plays in modulating nociception at the primary afferent nociceptor. Here, we summarise the recent work supporting the role of peripherally expressed galanin with particular reference to the dual actions of the galanin receptor 2 in neuropathic pain highlighting this as a potential target analgesic.

Immunocytochemical demonstration of a neuropeptide in Ascaris suum (Nematoda) using an antiserum to FMR Famide

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. B. Davenport ◽  
D. L. Lee ◽  
R. E. Isaac
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Immunocytochemical Technique ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cords

SUMMARYA FMRFamide-like peptide has been detected in the nematode Ascaris suum, using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical technique. Positive reactions were obtained in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system of the worm, the strongest reactions being in the anterior nerve ring, the cephalic papillary ganglia, the lateral ganglia and the dorso-rectal ganglion. Immunoreactivity was observed along the length of the main nerve cords of the worm and, to a lesser extent, in the pharyngeal nerve cords. The possible role of this neuropeptide in the physiology of the nematode is discussed.

Involvement of the 5-HT3 receptor in CRH-induced defecation in rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (5) ◽  
pp. G827-G831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiji Miyata ◽  
Hiroyuki Ito ◽  
Shin Fukudo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dose Dependent

We evaluated the possibility that serotonin (5-HT) mediates defecation induced by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) exogenously administered or released from the central nervous system by stress via the 5-HT3 receptor in rats. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of CRH (1, 3, and 10 μg/rat) dose dependently increased the number of stools excreted in rats, whereas intravenous (IV) injection of up to 100 μg/kg CRH did not affect defecation. α-Helical CRH-(9—41) and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists ramosetron and azasetron inhibited CRH (10 μg icv)-induced defecation in a dose-dependent manner with ED50 values of 4.3 μg/kg iv, 3.8 μg/kg po, and 70.4 μg/kg po, respectively. α-Helical CRH-(9—41) also inhibited CRH-induced defecation by ICV injection with an ED50 value of 0.078 μg/rat. In contrast, ramosetron and azasetron injectied ICV had no effect on CRH-induced defecation. α-Helical CRH-(9—41), ramosetron, and azasetron reduced defecation caused by restraint stress with ED50 values of 0.32, 3.6, and 19.7 μg/kg iv, respectively. These results indicate that CRH exogenously administered or released from the central nervous system by stress peripherally promotes the release of 5-HT, which in turn stimulates defecation through the 5-HT3 receptor.

Effects of 2-buten-4-olide, an endogenous satiety substance, on plasma glucose, corticosterone, and catecholamines

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (2) ◽  
pp. R413-R418 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Matsumoto ◽  
Y. Oomura ◽  
H. Nishino ◽  
S. Nemoto ◽  
S. Aou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Indwelling Catheter ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dose Dependent

Effects of 2-buten-4-olide (2-B4O), an endogenous satiety substance, on levels of plasma glucose, corticosterone, and catecholamines were examined in fed, conscious, and unrestrained rats. A vascular indwelling catheter was inserted into the right atrium of the animal from the jugular vein 1 wk before the experiment. Injection of 2-B4O and blood sampling were performed through the catheter in an unanesthetized condition. The levels of plasma glucose, corticosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine increased significantly for 2 h after the start of intravenous injection of 2-B4O in a dose-dependent manner. The increases in glucose and catecholamines induced by 2-B4O injection were abolished by bilateral splanchnicotomy (SPX) but not by pretreatment with anti-corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antibody. The increase in corticosterone was abolished not by the SPX but by pretreatment with anti-CRF antibody. These findings suggest that 2-B4O, endogenously produced during food deprivation, may facilitate sympathoadrenal and hypothalamopituitary-adrenal functions through the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Somatostatin, a Presynaptic Modulator of Glutamatergic Signal in the Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5864
Author(s):  
Anna Pittaluga ◽  
Alessandra Roggeri ◽  
Giulia Vallarino ◽  
Guendalina Olivero
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Volume Diffusion ◽  
Somatostatin Receptors ◽  
Synaptic Cleft ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Somatostatin is widely diffused in the central nervous system, where it participates to control the efficiency of synaptic transmission. This peptide mainly colocalizes with GABA, in inhibitory, GABA-containing interneurons from which it is actively released in a Ca2+ dependent manner upon application of depolarizing stimuli. Once released in the synaptic cleft, somatostatin acts locally, or it diffuses in the extracellular space through “volume diffusion”, a mechanism(s) of distribution which mainly operates in the cerebrospinal fluid and that assures the progression of neuronal signalling from signal-secreting sender structures towards receptor-expressing targeted neurons located extrasynaptically, in a non-synaptic, inter-neuronal form of communication. Somatostatin controls the efficiency of central glutamate transmission by either modulating presynaptically the glutamate exocytosis or by metamodulating the activity of glutamate receptors colocalized and functionally coupled with somatostatin receptors in selected subpopulations of nerve terminals. Deciphering the role of somatostatin in the mechanisms of “volume diffusion” and in the “receptor-receptor interaction” unveils new perspectives in the central role of this fine tuner of synaptic strength, paving the road to new therapeutic approaches for the cure of central disorders.

Role of NHE1 in calcium signaling and cell proliferation in human CNS pericytes

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (4) ◽  
pp. H1700-H1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuniyuki Nakamura ◽  
Masahiro Kamouchi ◽  
Takanari Kitazono ◽  
Junya Kuroda ◽  
Ryu Matsuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Regulation Of Proliferation ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Brain Microcirculation

The central nervous system (CNS) pericytes play an important role in brain microcirculation. Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) has been suggested to regulate the proliferation of nonvascular cells through the regulation of intracellular pH, Na+, and cell volume; however, the relationship between NHE1 and intracellular Ca2+, an essential signal of cell growth, is still not known. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of NHE1 in Ca2+ signaling and the proliferation of human CNS pericytes. The intracellular Ca2+ concentration was measured by fura 2 in cultured human CNS pericytes. The cells showed spontaneous Ca2+ oscillation under quasi-physiological ionic conditions. A decrease in extracellular pH or Na+ evoked a transient Ca2+ rise followed by Ca2+ oscillation, whereas an increase in pH or Na+ did not induce the Ca2+ responses. The Ca2+ oscillation was inhibited by an inhibitor of NHE in a dose-dependent manner and by knockdown of NHE1 by using RNA interference. The Ca2+ oscillation was completely abolished by thapsigargin. The proliferation of pericytes was attenuated by inhibition of NHE1. These results demonstrate that NHE1 regulates Ca2+ signaling via the modulation of Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, thus contributing to the regulation of proliferation in CNS pericytes.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Role of a nurse in the rehabilitation of children using ReviMotion hardware and software complex

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
T. Shirshova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Equipment Management ◽  
School Age ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Disorders of the musculoskeletal system in school-age children occupy 1-2 places in the structure of functional abnormalities. Cognitive impairment without organic damage to the central nervous system is detected in 30-56% of healthy school children. Along with the increase in the incidence rate, the demand for rehabilitation systems, which allow patients to return to normal life as soon as possible and maintain the motivation for the rehabilitation process, is also growing. Adaptation of rehabilitation techniques, ease of equipment management, availability of specially trained personnel and availability of technical support for complexes becomes important.

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