Primo Vascular System in the Subarachnoid Space of a Mouse Brain

Objective. Recently, a novel circulatory system, the primo vascular system (PVS), was found in the brain ventricles and in the central canal of the spinal cord of a rat. The aim of the current work is to detect the PVS along the transverse sinuses between the cerebrum and the cerebellum of a mouse brain.Materials and Methods. The PVS in the subarachnoid space was analyzed after staining with4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and phalloidin in order to identify the PVS. With confocal microscopy and polarization microscopy, the primo vessel underneath the sagittal sinus was examined. The primo nodes under the transversal sinuses were observed after peeling off the dura and pia maters of the brain.Results. The primo vessel underneath the superior sagittal sinus was observed and showed linear optical polarization, similarly to the rabbit and the rat cases. The primo nodes were observed under the left and the right transverse sinuses at distances of 3,763 μm and 5,967 μm. The average size was 155 μm × 248 μm.Conclusion. The observation of primo vessels was consistent with previous observations in rabbits and rats, and primo nodes under the transverse sinuses were observed for the first time in this work.

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A Primo Vascular System Underneath the Superior Sagittal Sinus in the Brain of a Rabbit

Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies ◽

10.1016/j.jams.2012.07.004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 210-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Min-Ho Nam ◽

Jaekwan Lim ◽

Seung-Hoon Choi ◽

Sungchul Kim ◽

Kwang-Sup Soh

Keyword(s):

Vascular System ◽

Superior Sagittal Sinus ◽

Sagittal Sinus ◽

The Brain

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Micrometer-resolution reconstruction and analysis of whole mouse brain vasculature by synchrotron-based phase-contrast tomographic microscopy

10.1101/2021.03.16.435616 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Arttu Miettinen ◽

Antonio Zippo ◽

Alessandra Patera ◽

Anne Bonnin ◽

Sarah Shahmoradian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Vessels ◽

Mouse Brain ◽

Nervous Tissue ◽

Vascular System ◽

Computational Method ◽

Resolving Power ◽

Topological Features ◽

Parkinson’S Diseases ◽

Branching Points ◽

The Brain

Nervous tissue metabolism is mainly supported by the dense thread of blood vessels which mainly provides fast supplies of oxygen and glucose. Recently, the supplying role of the brain vascular system has been examined in major neurological conditions such as the Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, to date, fast and reliable methods for the fine level microstructural extraction of whole brain vascular systems are still unavailable. We present a methodological framework suitable for reconstruction of the whole mouse brain cerebral microvasculature by X-ray tomography with the unprecedented pixel size of 0.65 μm. Our measurements suggest that the resolving power of the technique is better than in many previous studies, and therefore it allows for a refinement of current measurements of blood vessel properties. Relevant insights emerged from analyses characterizing the regional morphology and topology of blood vessels. Specifically, vascular diameter and density appeared non-homogeneously distributed among the brain regions suggesting preferential sites for high-demanding metabolic requirements. Also, topological features such as the vessel branching points were non-uniformly distributed among the brain districts indicating that specific architectural schemes are required to serve the distinct functional specialization of the nervous tissue. In conclusion, here we propose a combination of experimental and computational method for efficient and fast investigations of the vascular system of entire organs with submicrometric precision.

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Progressive ventricular enlargement in cats in the absence of transmantle pressure gradients

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1987.67.1.0088 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 88-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Kenneth Shapiro ◽

Ira J. Kohn ◽

Futoshi Takei ◽

Corinna Zee

Keyword(s):

Brain Tissue ◽

Subarachnoid Space ◽

Pressure Gradients ◽

Content Type ◽

Cisterna Magna ◽

Sagittal Sinus ◽

Intracisternal Injection ◽

The Mean ◽

The Brain ◽

Fine Print

✓ Intracranial pressure (ICP) was measured simultaneously at multiple sites in cats to determine if transmantle pressure gradients were present in progressive hydrocephalus. The cats underwent craniectomy and intracisternal injection of kaolin; 4 to 9 weeks later ICP was measured at the ventricle, cisterna magna, and convexity subarachnoid space, and in the brain tissue and the sagittal sinus. In 13 cats in which ventricular size conformed to previously established norms for duration of hydrocephalus, there were no demonstrable gradients of pressure at any of the sites of measurement according to one-way analysis of variance (p > 0.05). The mean (± standard error of the mean) peak and trough pressures (in mm Hg) at each site were: ventricle, 12.7 ± 0.7 and 12.0 ± 0.6; cisterna magna, 12.9 ± 0.8 and 12.3 ± 0.7; subarachnoid space, 12.7 ± 0.8 and 12.1 ± 0.7; brain tissue, 12.9 ± 0.9 and 12.4 ± 0.9; and sagittal sinus, 13.1 ± 0.8 and 11.9 ± 0.8. These results indicate that ventricular expansion can progress without measurable transmantle pressure gradients.

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The Blood Vascular System of Nephtys (Annelida, Polychaeta)

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s3-97.38.235 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol s3-97 (38) ◽

pp. 235-249

Author(s):

R. B. CLARK

Keyword(s):

Body Wall ◽

Vascular System ◽

Close Association ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Ventral Surface ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Neurosecretory Cells ◽

The Body ◽

Dorsal Vessel ◽

The Brain

The four longitudinal vessels of the circulatory system of Nephtys californiensis are dorsal, sub-intestinal, and neural, the latter being paired. There is a complete longitudinal circulation; the dorsal vessel communicates with the sub-intestinal by way of the proboscidial circulation and with the neural by way of the circum-oral vessels. In each middle and posterior segment segmental vessels from each of the longitudinal trunks carry blood to and from the parapodia and body-wall. The segmental circulation is completed by a circum-intestinal vessel connecting the dorsal and subintestinal vessels in each segment and an intersegmental branch connecting the dorsal and sub-intestinal segmental vessels. A trans-septal branch of the neural segmental vessel communicates with the sub-intestinal segmental vessel. This arrangement is modified in anterior segments which house the muscular, eversible pharynx, and no blood-vessels cross the coelom except by running through the body-wall. On anatomical grounds and by comparison with other polychaetes it seems likely that segmental is subordinate to longitudinal circulation. There are no endothelial capillaries such as have been described in some other polychaetes; instead there are numerous blindending vessels the walls of which are composed of the same three layers as other vessels and which are probably contractile. The dorsal vessel, where it is in contact with the ventral surface of the supra-oesophageal ganglion, forms a plexus in close association with a modified part of the brain capsule and a special axonal tract within the ganglion. It is thought that by way of this ‘cerebro-vascular complex’, hormones produced in the neurosecretory cells of the brain pass into the blood-stream.

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A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.20142290 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 212 (7) ◽

pp. 991-999 ◽

Cited By ~ 766

Author(s):

Aleksanteri Aspelund ◽

Salli Antila ◽

Steven T. Proulx ◽

Tine Veronica Karlsen ◽

Sinem Karaman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Space ◽

Interstitial Fluid ◽

Vascular System ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽

Brain Interstitial Fluid ◽

Lymphatic Vasculature ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Base Of The Skull ◽

The Brain

The central nervous system (CNS) is considered an organ devoid of lymphatic vasculature. Yet, part of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drains into the cervical lymph nodes (LNs). The mechanism of CSF entry into the LNs has been unclear. Here we report the surprising finding of a lymphatic vessel network in the dura mater of the mouse brain. We show that dural lymphatic vessels absorb CSF from the adjacent subarachnoid space and brain interstitial fluid (ISF) via the glymphatic system. Dural lymphatic vessels transport fluid into deep cervical LNs (dcLNs) via foramina at the base of the skull. In a transgenic mouse model expressing a VEGF-C/D trap and displaying complete aplasia of the dural lymphatic vessels, macromolecule clearance from the brain was attenuated and transport from the subarachnoid space into dcLNs was abrogated. Surprisingly, brain ISF pressure and water content were unaffected. Overall, these findings indicate that the mechanism of CSF flow into the dcLNs is directly via an adjacent dural lymphatic network, which may be important for the clearance of macromolecules from the brain. Importantly, these results call for a reexamination of the role of the lymphatic system in CNS physiology and disease.

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Superior sagittal sinus and transverse sagittal sinus thrombus secondary to occult meningioma

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174202 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 4619

Author(s):

Anaz Bin Azeez ◽

Prashant Kashyap ◽

Dhaval Dhave ◽

Shameer Hakkim ◽

Nikhil Sam Varghese ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Superior Sagittal Sinus ◽

Sinus Thrombosis ◽

Transverse Sinus ◽

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis ◽

Cerebral Veins ◽

Sagittal Sinus ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

The Brain ◽

Transverse Sinuses

The superior sagittal sinus is the largest of the venous sinuses. It receives blood from the frontal, parietal, and occipital superior cerebral veins and the diploic veins, which communicate with the meningeal veins. The superior sagittal sinus drains into the transverse sinuses. Central nervous system tumors like meningioma, glomus tumor, and meduloblastoma, often directly compress the veins and sinuses of the brain. Major sites of the occlusion include superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and transverse sinus. Initial days cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) was diagnosed only on autopsy. Since the advent of modern investigative modalities like magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI), Computerised Tomography Angiography (CTA) and Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV), more and more cases are being diagnosed confidently.

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Thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus with underlying purulent otitis and ethmoiditis

Bukovinian Medical Herald ◽

10.24061/2413-0737.xvii.3.67.2013.151 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (3 (67) p.1) ◽

pp. 102-103

Author(s):

A. A. Mezentcev ◽

I. A. Frolova

Keyword(s):

Otitis Media ◽

Superior Sagittal Sinus ◽

Sagittal Sinus ◽

The Brain ◽

Transverse Sinuses

A case of the death of a man, 50-55 years old, whose identity has not been established, from the death of the brain as a result of thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus and the transverse sinuses, complicated chronic left-sided otitis media and ethmoiditis with an exacerbation.

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Macroscopic Anatomy and Brain Vascularization in the Greater Rhea (Rhea americana americana)

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.82002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Herson Da Silva Costa ◽

Hélio Norberto De Araújo Júnior ◽

Ferdinando Vinícius Fernandes Bezerra ◽

Carlos Eduardo Vale Rebouças ◽

Danilo José Ayres De Menezes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Basilar Artery ◽

Carotid Arteries ◽

Vascular System ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Cervical Region ◽

Type I ◽

Macroscopic Anatomy ◽

Rhea Americana ◽

Vascular Type ◽

The Brain

Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries, cerebroethmoidal arteries, rostral intercerebral anastomosis, rostral cerebral arteries, ethmoidal arteries, internal ophthalmic arteries, inter-hemispheric artery, pituitary arteries, dorsal mesencephalic tectal arteries, dorsal cerebellar arteries, occipital, pineal and dorsal hemispherical branches. The cerebral arterial circuit was both caudally and rostrally closed in 100.0% of the samples, being composed of the arteries: basilar artery, caudal branches of the carotid brain, rostral branches of the brain carotid, cerebroethmoidal arteries and rostral intercerebral anastomosis.Discussion: Encephalon classification regarding the presence or absence of gyri is a characteristic associated to evolutionary aspects among vertebrates, being respectively considered as lisencephalon or girencecephalus when it presents or does not present convolutions. In Greater Rheas, the telencephalon was quite developed, with a relatively rounded shape and the absence of sulci and convolutions in the cortex, which allowed it to be classified as a lisencephalon. Such findings resemble those described for the ostrich and in a comparative study involving kiwis, emus, owls and pigeons, although different sizes and forms of telencephalon development were observed in the latter. Regarding the cerebral arterial circuit, this structure in Rheas was complete and both caudally and rostrally closed in 100.0% of the specimens. Our findings differ from those observed for ostriches, in which a rostrally open behavior has been described, while it is caudally closed in 20.0% of cases and opened in 80.0%. Regarding the vascular type of the brain, in the Rhea it was observed that there was only contribution of the carotid system, similar to that found for birds such as ostriches and turkeys which confer a type I encephalic vascularization.Keywords: arteries, brain, arterial circuit, morphometry, ratites.

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Studying dynamic stress effects on the behaviour of THP-1 cells by microfluidic channels

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93935-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Semra Zuhal Birol ◽

Rana Fucucuoglu ◽

Sertac Cadirci ◽

Ayca Sayi-Yazgan ◽

Levent Trabzon

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cells ◽

Shear Stress ◽

Vascular System ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Disease Process ◽

Microfluidic Channels ◽

Shear Stresses ◽

Stress Effects ◽

Adhesion Behavior ◽

Cycling System

AbstractAtherosclerosis is a long-term disease process of the vascular system that is characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are inflammatory regions on medium and large-sized arteries. There are many factors contributing to plaque formation, such as changes in shear stress levels, rupture of endothelial cells, accumulation of lipids, and recruitment of leukocytes. Shear stress is one of the main factors that regulates the homeostasis of the circulatory system; therefore, sudden and chronic changes in shear stress may cause severe pathological conditions. In this study, microfluidic channels with cavitations were designed to mimic the shape of the atherosclerotic blood vessel, where the shear stress and pressure difference depend on design of the microchannels. Changes in the inflammatory-related molecules ICAM-1 and IL-8 were investigated in THP-1 cells in response to applied shear stresses in an continuous cycling system through microfluidic channels with periodic cavitations. ICAM-1 mRNA expression and IL-8 release were analyzed by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Additionally, the adhesion behavior of sheared THP-1 cells to endothelial cells was examined by fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that 15 Pa shear stress significantly increases expression of ICAM-1 gene and IL-8 release in THP-1 cells, whereas it decreases the adhesion between THP-1 cells and endothelial cells.

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Magnetic resonance cisternography imaging findings related to the leakage of Gadolinium into the subarachnoid space

Japanese Journal of Radiology ◽

10.1007/s11604-021-01137-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rei Nakamichi ◽

Toshiaki Taoka ◽

Hisashi Kawai ◽

Tadao Yoshida ◽

Michihiko Sone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Subarachnoid Space ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Predictive Performance ◽

Roc Curves ◽

Imaging Findings ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Sagittal Sinus ◽

Magnetic Resonance Cisternography

Abstract Purpose To identify magnetic resonance cisternography (MRC) imaging findings related to Gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) leakage into the subarachnoid space. Materials and methods The number of voxels of GBCA leakage (V-leak) on 3D-real inversion recovery images was measured in 56 patients scanned 4 h post-intravenous GBCA injection. Bridging veins (BVs) were identified on MRC. The numbers of BVs with surrounding cystic structures (BV-cyst), with arachnoid granulations protruding into the superior sagittal sinus (BV-AG-SSS) and the skull (BV-AG-skull), and including any of these factors (BV-incl) were recorded. Correlations between these variables and V-leak were examined based on the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to investigate the predictive performance of GBCA leakage. Results V-leak and the number of BV-incl were strongly correlated (r = 0.609, p < 0.0001). The numbers of BV-cyst and BV-AG-skull had weaker correlations with V-leak (r = 0.364, p = 0.006; r = 0.311, p = 0.020, respectively). The number of BV-AG-SSS was not correlated with V-leak. The ROC curve for contrast leakage exceeding 1000 voxels and the number of BV-incl had moderate accuracy, with an area under the curve of 0.871. Conclusion The number of BV-incl may be a predictor of GBCA leakage and a biomarker for waste drainage function without using GBCA.

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