Eupafolin and Ethyl Acetate Fraction ofKalanchoe gracilisStem Extract Show Potent Antiviral Activities against Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CoxA16) are main pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, occasionally causing aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in tropical and subtropical regions.Kalanchoe gracilis,Da-Huan-Hun, is a Chinese folk medicine for treating pain and inflammation, exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Our prior report (2012) citedK. gracilisleaf extract as moderately active against EV71 and CoxA16. This study further rates antienteroviral potential ofK. gracilisstem (KGS) extract to identify potent antiviral fractions and components. The extract moderately inhibits viral cytopathicity and virus yield, as well asin vitroreplication of EV71 (IC50= 75.18 μg/mL) and CoxA16 (IC50= 81.41 μg/mL). Ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of KGS extract showed greater antiviral activity than that ofn-butanol or aqueous fraction: IC50values of 4.21 μg/mL against EV71 and 9.08 μg/mL against CoxA16. HPLC analysis, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and plaque reduction assay indicate that eupafolin is a vital component of EA fraction showing potent activity against EV71 (IC50= 1.39 μM) and CoxA16 (IC50= 5.24 μM). Eupafolin specifically lessened virus-induced upregulation of IL-6 and RANTES by inhibiting virus-induced ERK1/2, AP-1, and STAT3 signals. Anti-enteroviral potency of KGS EA fraction and eupafolin shows the clinical potential against EV71 and CoxA16 infection.

Download Full-text

Antiviral Ability ofKalanchoe gracilisLeaf Extract against Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2012/503165 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ching-Ying Wang ◽

Shun-Chueh Huang ◽

Yongjun Zhang ◽

Zhen-Rung Lai ◽

Szu-Hao Kung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ferulic Acid ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Enterovirus 71 ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Coxsackievirus A16 ◽

Therapeutic Drugs ◽

Antiviral Activities ◽

Chromatographic Peaks ◽

Brain Stem Encephalitis

Pandemic infection or reemergence of Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) occurs in tropical and subtropical regions, being associated with hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, aseptic meningitis, brain stem encephalitis, pulmonary edema, and paralysis. However, effective therapeutic drugs against EV71 and CVA16 are rare.Kalanchoe gracilis(L.) DC is used for the treatment of injuries, pain, and inflammation. This study investigated antiviral effects ofK. gracilisleaf extract on EV71 and CVA16 replications. HPLC analysis with a C-18 reverse phase column showed fingerprint profiles ofK. gracilisleaf extract had 15 chromatographic peaks. UV/vis absorption spectra revealed peaks 5, 12, and 15 as ferulic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol, respectively.K. gracilisleaf extract showed little cytotoxicity, but exhibited concentration-dependent antiviral activities including cytopathic effect, plaque, and virus yield reductions.K. gracilisleaf extract was shown to be more potent in antiviral activity than ferulic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol, significantly inhibitingin vitroreplication of EV71 (IC50=35.88 μg/mL) and CVA16 (IC50=42.91 μg/mL). Moreover,K. gracilisleaf extract is a safe antienteroviral agent with the inactivation of viral 2A protease and reduction of IL-6 and RANTES expressions.

Download Full-text

In vitro antidiabetic potentials, antioxidant activities and phytochemical profile of african black pepper (Piper guineense)

Clinical Phytoscience ◽

10.1186/s40816-020-00236-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

L. A. Sulaimon ◽

E. O. Anise ◽

E. M. Obuotor ◽

T. A. Samuel ◽

A. I. Moshood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Antidiabetic Activity ◽

Piper Guineense ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Butanol Fraction

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of glucose metabolism and management of blood glucose level is the hallmark in the treatment of this disease. The present study investigated chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of different fractions of 80% methanol Piper guineense leaves extract. Materials and methods The crude methanolic extract of P. guineense was obtained following 80% methanol cold extraction and was successively partitioned with dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (nBuOH) and aqueous solvents to give four fractions. The chemical composition of the fractions from P. guineense was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their potentials as antioxidant and anti-diabetes were evaluated. Results The percentage yields were 3.16, 2.22, 0.68 and 0.66% (w/w) in n-butanol, DCM, aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of P. guineense methanolic extract, respectively. The GC-MS analyses identified a total of 71 and 34 phytochemicals in n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions respectively. Tributyl acetylcitrate (10.95%) and phytol (9.11%) were the major components in the n-butanol fraction while ethyl piperonyl cyanoacetate (27.35%) and phytol (15.17%) were the major constituents in the ethyl acetate fraction. Ethyl acetate fraction had the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power with a value of 53.96 ± 0.40 mgAAE/g while n-butanol fraction possessed highest total antioxidant power (9.98 ± 0.15) followed by aqueous fraction (9.72 ± 0.02). The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions with IC50 value of 0.24 ± 0.07 and 0.83 ± 0.15 μg/mL respectively elicited significant inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase while only n-butanol fraction (IC50 = 0.33 ± 0.09 μg/ml) exhibited appreciable inhibition against α-amylase activity. However, none of the four fractions showed significant inhibitory activity towards dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV. Conclusion n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions of 80% methanol P. guineense leaves extract can be a potential source of bioactive compounds of pharmacological importance in the management of diabetes.

Download Full-text

In Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of the Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of Hagenia abyssinica Leaves

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/6652777 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Zemene Demelash Kifle ◽

Simachew Gidey Debeb ◽

Yaschilal Muche Belayneh

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Maximum Activity ◽

Chloroform Fraction ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Water Fraction ◽

Hagenia Abyssinica

Background. The leaves of Hagenia abyssinica have been used in the management of diabetes mellitus in Ethiopian folk medicine. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the crude extract and solvent fractions of H. abyssinica leaves. Methods. The in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the plant extract were assessed using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA), p-nitro-phenyl-a-D glucopyranoside (p-NPG), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Each value of percent inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPPH scavenging effect was presented as means ± SEM ( n = 3 ). Results. The α-amylase inhibitory activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions was found to be concentration-dependent. The strongest activity was exhibited by the crude extract at the highest concentration with a percentage inhibition of 74.52% (IC50, 14.52 μg/ml) followed by water fraction 68.24% (IC50, 16.31 μg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction 61.57% (IC50, 18.73 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 56.87% (IC50, 21.57 μg/ml) of H. abyssinica leaves. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, the maximum activity was exhibited by the aqueous fraction 62.54% (IC50, 11.67 μg/ml) followed by ethyl acetate fraction 54.97% (IC50, 15.89 μg/ml), crude extract 46.79% (IC50, >16.5 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 36.44% (IC50, >16.5 μg/ml). In the antioxidant assay, the crude extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity 86.36% (IC50, 10.25 μg/ml) followed by water fraction 78.59% (IC50, 13.86 μg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction 71.58% (IC50, 16.34 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 63.65% (IC50, 18.83 μg/ml). Conclusion. This study has revealed that H. abyssinica leaves possess noticeable in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

Download Full-text

In Vitro Phytochemistry and Antiplasmodial Activity of Leaf Extract and Fractions of Nauclea diderrichii

Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences ◽

10.34198/ejcs.2219.333342 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 333-342

Author(s):

M. Abdulrahman ◽

M. Adamu

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Antiplasmodial Activity ◽

Crude Leaf Extract ◽

Nauclea Diderrichii

The current investigation deals with phytochemical screening and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of crude ethanol leaf extract and three fractions of crude ethanol leaf-extract of Nauclea diderrichii. Phytochemical test to screen bioactive compounds was carried out via standard protocols which uncovered the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and carbohydrates, extraction was done using absolute ethanol to afford the crude extract (Nd-ET) while maceration was done using solvents of different polarity gradient (petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate) to afford the remaining fractions (Nd-F1, Nd-F2 and Nd-F3). The antiplasmodial activity of the crude-extract and those of crude-extract-fractions against plasmodium falciparum unveil promising percentage elimination at all concentrations, with ethanol crude extract (Nd-ET) and ethyl acetate fraction (Nd-F3) having the highest, with 75.50% and 72.65% at 625µg/ml, and 87.83% and 86.33% at 5000µg/ml, respectively. These results clearly indicated that the active compounds present in the crude leaf extract/fractions of Nauclea diderrichii are highly potent eliminators of plasmodium falciparum and validate their popular usage in folk medicine in Gusau Local Government, Zamfara State, Nigeria, for the treatment of malaria.

Download Full-text

Phytochemicals of Minthostachys diffusa Epling and Their Health-Promoting Bioactivities

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9020144 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 144

Author(s):

Immacolata Faraone ◽

Daniela Russo ◽

Lucia Chiummiento ◽

Eloy Fernandez ◽

Alka Choudhary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Spectrometry Analysis ◽

In Silico Docking ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Health Promoting

The genus Minthostachys belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and is an important South American mint genus used commonly in folk medicine as an aroma in cooking. The phytochemical-rich samples of the aerial parts of Minthostachys diffusa Epling. were tested for pharmacological and health-promoting bioactivities using in vitro chemical and enzymatic assays. A range of radical scavenging activities of the samples against biological radicals such as nitric oxide and superoxide anion and against synthetic 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals, the ferric reducing antioxidant power and the lipid peroxidation inhibition were determined and ranked using the ‘relative antioxidant capacity index’ (RACI). The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest RACI of +1.12. Analysis of the various fractions’ inhibitory ability against enzymes involved in diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and against enzymes associated with Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s diseases (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) also suggested that the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction showed more than 30 polyphenolic compounds, including triterpenes. The inhibitory cholinesterase effects of the triterpenes identified from M. diffusa were further analysed by in silico docking of these compounds into 3D-structures of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. This is the first study on pharmacological activities and phytochemical profiling of the aerial parts of M. diffusa, showing that this plant, normally used as food in South America, is also rich in health-promoting phytochemicals.

Download Full-text

Perilla frutescens Leaf Extract and Fractions: Polyphenol Composition, Antioxidant, Enzymes (α-Glucosidase, Acetylcholinesterase, and Tyrosinase) Inhibitory, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activities

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10020315 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 315

Author(s):

Zhenxing Wang ◽

Zongcai Tu ◽

Xing Xie ◽

Hao Cui ◽

Kin Weng Kong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Animal Experiments ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

The Body ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Glycogen Accumulation ◽

Inhibitory Ability

This study aims to evaluate the bioactive components, in vitro bioactivities, and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of P. frutescens leaf, which is a traditional medicine-food homology plant. P. frutescens methanol crude extract and its fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions, and aqueous phase residue) were prepared by ultrasound-enzyme assisted extraction and liquid–liquid extraction. Among the samples, the ethyl acetate fraction possessed the high total phenolic (440.48 μg GAE/mg DE) and flavonoid content (455.22 μg RE/mg DE), the best antioxidant activity (the DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and superoxide anion scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power were 1.71, 1.14, 2.40, 1.29, and 2.4 times higher than that of control Vc, respectively), the most powerful α-glucosidase inhibitory ability with the IC50 value of 190.03 μg/mL which was 2.2-folds higher than control acarbose, the strongest proliferative inhibitory ability against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell with the IC50 values of 37.92 and 13.43 μg/mL, which were considerable with control cisplatin, as well as certain inhibition abilities on acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. HPLC analysis showed that the luteolin, rosmarinic acid, rutin, and catechin were the dominant components of the ethyl acetate fraction. Animal experiments further demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction could significantly decrease the serum glucose level, food, and water intake of streptozotocin-induced diabetic SD rats, increase the body weight, modulate their serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, improve the histopathology and glycogen accumulation in liver and intestinal tissue. Taken together, P. frutescens leaf exhibits excellent hypoglycemic activity in vitro and in vivo, and could be exploited as a source of natural antidiabetic agent.

Download Full-text

Estimation of the Basic Reproduction Number of Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Outbreaks

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal ◽

10.1097/inf.0b013e3182116e95 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 30 (8) ◽

pp. 675-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Edmond Ma ◽

Connie Fung ◽

Steven H. L. Yip ◽

Christine Wong ◽

Shuk Kwan Chuang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Basic Reproduction Number ◽

Reproduction Number ◽

Enterovirus 71 ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Coxsackievirus A16 ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

The Basic Reproduction Number

Download Full-text

Comparative free radical scavenging and hypoglycemic activities of n-hexane, ethyl-acetate, and aqueous fractions of Azanza garckeana pulp

10.53858/arocnpr01020108 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Abubakar A. Yusuf ◽

Toheeb D. Yissa ◽

Abdulhakeem Rotimi Agboola ◽

Sodiq M Balogun ◽

Peter O. Adeboye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Hypoglycemic Effect ◽

Hexane Fraction ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Dpph Scavenging ◽

Glucose Reduction

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing on a global trend. The aim of the present study is to identify the most effective antioxidants and hypoglycemic fraction of Azanza garckeana. Methods: The fractions (nhexane or ethyl-acetate or aqueous) of A. garckeana were administered to the alloxan-induced diabetic rats at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for 15 days. Antioxidants activities were evaluated at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL using the DPPH scavenging assay. Results: Results revealed that both the hexane, ethyl-acetate, and aqueous fractions exhibited hypoglycemic and antioxidants activities in a dose-dependent manner. The n-hexane fraction demonstrated highest percentage DPPH scavenging effect of 26.34±3.43, 38.44±4.35, 59.34±3.45, and 74.83±5.35 at 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL respectively. The ethyl-acetate fraction demonstrated 19.33±2.98, 28.94±3.24, 47.34±2.90, and 57.82±4.54 respectively while the aqueous fraction exhibited the least activities of 12.45±23.45, 18.64±2.94, 27.94±3.89, and 39.43±3.89 at concentrations of 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 µg/mL respectively. In addition, the n-hexane fraction demonstrated the most significant hypoglycemic effect with the highest glucose reduction of 58.97 ±3.45 %, 63.86±5.35 %, and 66.51±4.35 %, ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated glucose reduction of 7.55±0.54%, 21.77±2.35 %, and 29.56±3.46 % while the aqueous fraction demonstrated the least hypoglycemic effect of 9.89±2.67 %, 18.09±3.45 %, and 18.87±3.24 at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg bw respectively. Conclusion: The n-hexane fraction of Azanza garckeana extract could serve as a reservoir of bioactive agents that could be useful for the development of a new anti-diabetic agent

Download Full-text

Comparative phytotoxicity and chironomid toxicity assessments of leaf successive extract fractions of Asiatic poison bulb, Crinum asiaticum L

10.1101/2020.12.15.422968 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Souren Goswami ◽

Sanjib Ray

Keyword(s):

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Petroleum Ether ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽

Meristematic Tissue ◽

Aqueous Fraction ◽

Extract Fraction ◽

Potent Growth ◽

Crinum Asiaticum

AbstractCrinum asiaticum is an evergreen bulbous perennial shrub of Amaryllidaceae family with ethnomedicinal importance and our earlier study described a comparative account antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the different solvent-mediated sequential extract fractions. The present study aimed to analyze their comparative account of induced phytotoxicity and chironomid toxicity. For phytotoxicity assessment, germination inhibition and seedling’s root and shoot growth retardation effects on Triticum aestivum and Cicer arietinum were analyzed and for lethal concentration determination, the freshwater bottom-dwelling first instars chironomid larvae were used. The crude aqueous, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant toxic effects on both meristematic tissue and aquatic midges. The phytotoxic assays indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction contains the most potent growth inhibitors, followed by the crude aqueous and petroleum ether fractions. The last aqueous fraction was found to be the least toxic, the highest LC50 and LT50 values and ethyl acetate extract fraction having highest toxicity. Thus the present study supplements to our earlier report, that indicated the last aqueous extract fraction of C. asiaticum has potent antioxidant and antibacterial potentials as well as its prospective use in livestock maintenance, as it is least toxic and the ethyl acetate extract, the most toxic fraction identified here, is needed to explore for pharmaceutical importance.

Download Full-text