scholarly journals In Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of the Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of Hagenia abyssinica Leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Zemene Demelash Kifle ◽  
Simachew Gidey Debeb ◽  
Yaschilal Muche Belayneh
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Chloroform Fraction ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Hagenia Abyssinica

Background. The leaves of Hagenia abyssinica have been used in the management of diabetes mellitus in Ethiopian folk medicine. Thus, this study is aimed at investigating the in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the crude extract and solvent fractions of H. abyssinica leaves. Methods. The in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the plant extract were assessed using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA), p-nitro-phenyl-a-D glucopyranoside (p-NPG), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Each value of percent inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPPH scavenging effect was presented as means ± SEM ( n = 3 ). Results. The α-amylase inhibitory activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions was found to be concentration-dependent. The strongest activity was exhibited by the crude extract at the highest concentration with a percentage inhibition of 74.52% (IC50, 14.52 μg/ml) followed by water fraction 68.24% (IC50, 16.31 μg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction 61.57% (IC50, 18.73 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 56.87% (IC50, 21.57 μg/ml) of H. abyssinica leaves. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, the maximum activity was exhibited by the aqueous fraction 62.54% (IC50, 11.67 μg/ml) followed by ethyl acetate fraction 54.97% (IC50, 15.89 μg/ml), crude extract 46.79% (IC50, >16.5 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 36.44% (IC50, >16.5 μg/ml). In the antioxidant assay, the crude extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity 86.36% (IC50, 10.25 μg/ml) followed by water fraction 78.59% (IC50, 13.86 μg/ml), ethyl acetate fraction 71.58% (IC50, 16.34 μg/ml), and chloroform fraction 63.65% (IC50, 18.83 μg/ml). Conclusion. This study has revealed that H. abyssinica leaves possess noticeable in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Sarcocarp of Cotoneaster multiflorus

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangping Liu ◽  
Jia Jia ◽  
Xuemin Jing ◽  
Guoliang Li
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Water Fraction

The ethanol-water (7 : 3, v/v) extract of Cotoneaster multiflorus sarcocarp was sequentially fractionated by liquid-liquid partition using n-hexane, diethyl ether, methylene dichloride, and ethyl acetate. The contents of total polyphenols, total flavones, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins in the five parts (including the ethanol-water extract) were determined. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation decolorization, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays were conducted to test the antioxidant activities of Sample 1 (the ethanol-water fraction) and Sample 2 (the ethyl acetate fraction) in vitro. In the above five assays, Sample 2 showed greater antioxidant capacities than Sample 1. Furthermore, Sample 2 was better able to protect low-density lipoproteins from oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The test results show that C. multiflorus sarcocarp, especially the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, may be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

scholarly journals ACTIVITY OF THE MEDICINAL PLANT PARKIA JAVANICA AGAINST NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE MULTI DRUG RESISTANT AND OTHER CLINICAL ISOLATES

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
JHINUK BASU MULLICK ◽  
TAPAN MAJUMDAR ◽  
KUDUMULA VENKATA RAMI REDDY ◽  
SUMITA MUKHERJEE ◽  
SAMIR KUMAR SIL
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Chloroform Fraction ◽  
Standard Strain ◽  
Water Fraction

Objective: The objective of this study was to look into the in vitro activity of Parkia javanica against isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Methods: Methanolic extract of P. javanica bark (MEPJ) and organic fractionation were tested against one standard strain and 10 clinical isolates including one multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolate of N. gonorrhoeae through minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) tests. Results: The MDR isolate, standard strain, as well as all the clinical isolates were inhibited by MEPJ as well as all the fractions except water fraction. Chloroform fraction showed the best activity with MIC and MBC values, both being 0.2 mg/ml. Ethyl acetate fraction also showed MIC value at 0.2 mg/ml; however, MBC value was at 0.3 mg/ml. MIC and MBC values of MEPJ were both 0.3 mg/ml. Conclusion: Chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and MEPJ bark showed the lowest MIC values and can be considered as prospective candidates for the development of antigonococcal topical drugs.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Neuronal Cell Toxicity of Roots of Ostericum koreanum Maximowicz

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1451-1455
Author(s):  
Ramalingam Mahesh ◽  
Hyo Won Jung ◽  
Jun Hong Park ◽  
Yong-Ki Park
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Ostericum Koreanum

Ostericum koreanummaximowicz (Umbelliferae), a medicinal herb in Korean Oriental Medicine, has been applied to treat cold, headache, neuralgia and arthralgia. The ethyl acetate fraction ofO. koreanumroot was subjected toin vitroantioxidant activity with different methods for free radical scavenging activities. In addition, the cell viability and nitric oxide release assays were performed here for the first time in neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cell cultures. Among all the tested methods, the ethyl acetate fraction was expressed very active, exhibiting a good Trolox equivalent values and IC50, comparable to that of the commercial antioxidants, Trolox and ascorbic acid, respectively. The results showed that there was a reduction of cell viability by the fraction in a concentration dependent manner. These results suggest thatO. koreanumshows good antioxidant activitiesin vitroby inhibiting free radicals. These findings provide a rationale for thein vivotesting. Also, the major constituents behind the antioxidant mechanisms of this fraction warrant further study.

Anticancer and antioxidant studies of the methanol extract and fractions of Conyza sumatrensis (retz.) E. H. Walker (asteraceae

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
E.O. Ikpefan ◽  
B.A. Ayinde ◽  
B.A. Mudassar ◽  
Ahsana Dar Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Cancer Cell Lines ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Chloroform Fraction ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Growth Inhibitory ◽  
Mcf 7

The in vitro antiproliferative and antioxidant studies of the leaf extract and fractions of Conyza sumatrensis was investigated by applying the Sulforhodamine-B and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assays (DPPH-RSA) respectively. While the antiproliferative activity was carried out at 1-250 and 1-100 μg/ mL for the extract and fractions against breast (MCF-7) and lung (NCI-H460) cancer cell lines, the antioxidant study was conducted using DPPH at 31.25 -500 μg/ mL with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents calculated as well with reference to quercetin and gallic acid respectively. The extract and fractions were observed to elicit cytotoxic and growth inhibitory effects against breast (MCF-7) and lung cancer cell lines (NCI-H460) respectively. At 250 μg/mL, the extract of C. sumatrensis gave cytotoxicity of –1.76 ± 0.20 % against MCF-7 cell lines and inhibited growth of NCI-H460 at +94.40 ± 1.0 % respectively. While the chloroform fraction at 100 μg/mL gave -5.38 ± 0.33 % and 91 ± 1.61 % against MCF-7 and NCI-H460 cell lines, the aqueous fraction was observed to be inactive. For the DPPH-RSA activity, the chloroform fraction demonstrated an IC50 value of 125.5 μg/ mL compare to quercetin at 62.5 μg/ mL. The bioactivities were more pronounced in the chloroform fraction. This work has shown that C.  sumatrensis has antiproliferative and antioxidant activities which could be tied to the secondary metabolites present in the plant.

scholarly journals Eupafolin and Ethyl Acetate Fraction ofKalanchoe gracilisStem Extract Show Potent Antiviral Activities against Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Ying Wang ◽  
Shun-Chueh Huang ◽  
Zhen-Rung Lai ◽  
Yu-Ling Ho ◽  
Yu-Jen Jou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Coxsackievirus A16 ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Clinical Potential

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CoxA16) are main pathogens of hand-foot-and-mouth disease, occasionally causing aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in tropical and subtropical regions.Kalanchoe gracilis,Da-Huan-Hun, is a Chinese folk medicine for treating pain and inflammation, exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Our prior report (2012) citedK. gracilisleaf extract as moderately active against EV71 and CoxA16. This study further rates antienteroviral potential ofK. gracilisstem (KGS) extract to identify potent antiviral fractions and components. The extract moderately inhibits viral cytopathicity and virus yield, as well asin vitroreplication of EV71 (IC50= 75.18 μg/mL) and CoxA16 (IC50= 81.41 μg/mL). Ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of KGS extract showed greater antiviral activity than that ofn-butanol or aqueous fraction: IC50values of 4.21 μg/mL against EV71 and 9.08 μg/mL against CoxA16. HPLC analysis, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and plaque reduction assay indicate that eupafolin is a vital component of EA fraction showing potent activity against EV71 (IC50= 1.39 μM) and CoxA16 (IC50= 5.24 μM). Eupafolin specifically lessened virus-induced upregulation of IL-6 and RANTES by inhibiting virus-induced ERK1/2, AP-1, and STAT3 signals. Anti-enteroviral potency of KGS EA fraction and eupafolin shows the clinical potential against EV71 and CoxA16 infection.

scholarly journals THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOL EXTRACT, FRACTIONS OF WATER, ETHYL ACETATE AND n-HEXANE FROM MISTLETOE TEA (SCURRULA ATROPURPUREABL. DANS)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Resmi Mustarichie
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Ic50 Values

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract, fractions of water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane from mistletoe tea (Scurrula atropurpurea Bl. Dans).Methods: Simplicia extracted using soxhlet equipment with 96% ethanol. Fractionation was conducted using liquid-liquid extraction using a solvent of water, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Screening of phytochemical and antioxidant activity was performed against these fractions. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Phytochemical screening was conducted based on the method of Farnsworth.Results: The IC50 values of ethanol extract, water fraction, fraction of ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fraction were 21.92 ppm, 89.57 ppm, 14.08 ppm, and 162.09 ppm, respectively, whereas for ascorbic acid was 4.41 ppm. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction contained compounds were the same group, polyphenolic, tannins, flavonoids, monoterpenoid, steroids, triterpenoids, and quinones. Fraction of water contained compounds such as polyphenolic group, flavonoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, steroids, and triterpenoids. n-hexane fraction compounds contained steroids and triterpenoids.Conclusion: The ethanol extract, water fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction showed antioxidant activities. The ethanol extract, fractions of water, and ethyl acetate fraction contained flavonoids and polyphenolic potential as antioxidants.Keywords: Mistletoe tea, Scurrula atropurpurea, Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ascorbic acid.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Evaluation of Antipyretic and Antioxidant Activities of 80% Methanol Root Extract and Derived Solvent Fraction of Echinops kebericho M. (Asteraceae) in Mice Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Tesfaye Yimer ◽  
Yohannes Kelifa Emiru ◽  
Zemene Demelash Kifle ◽  
Amien Ewunetei ◽  
Meaza Adugna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Aqueous Fraction ◽  
Temperature Reduction ◽  
Solvent Fraction

Background. Toxicity and untoward effects are very ostensible in most standard drugs including antipyretic agents. Searching for conceivable antipyretic drugs with minimal toxicities and side effects from traditional plants is a growing concern to date. Echinops kebericho M. (Asteraceae) is one of the most prominent traditional medicinal plants, which is frequently testified for its traditionally claimed uses of treating fever and different infectious and noninfectious disorders by traditional healers in Ethiopian folk medicine. However, this plant has not been scientifically assessed for its traditionally claimed uses. This study therefore is aimed at investigating the antipyretic and antioxidant activities of 80% methanol root extract and the derived solvent fraction of Echinops kebericho M. in mouse models. Methods. Successive solvent maceration with increased polarity was used as the method of extractions, and chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water were used as solvents. After extraction, the crude extract and its derived solvent fractions were assessed for their antipyretic activities using yeast-induced pyrexia while, the antioxidant activities were measured in vitro using the diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method. Both the extract and solvent fractions were evaluated at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg for its antipyretic activities, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated at the doses of 50, 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg. The positive control group was treated with standard drug (ASA 100 mg/kg), while normal saline-receiving groups were assigned as negative control. Result. E. kebericho crude extract along with its derived solvent fractions showed statistically significant ( p < 0.05 , 0.01, and 0.001) temperature reduction activities. The maximum percentage of temperature reduction was observed by the highest dose (400 mg/kg) of the crude extract. The aqueous fraction also showed significantly ( p < 0.05 and 0.01) higher temperature reduction than those of ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions. The free radical scavenging activities of the crude extract were also significantly high at the maximum dose, and the aqueous fraction showed the significantly highest antioxidant activity. Conclusion. In general, the data obtained from the present study clarified that the extract possessed significant antipyretic and antioxidant activities, upholding the traditionally claimed use of the plant.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Potential of Crude Methanol Leaf extract and Fraction of Mallotus oppositifolius

2021 ◽  
pp. 168-184
Author(s):  
Ifeanyi Peter Onyeka ◽  
Felix Ahamefule Onyegbule ◽  
Christopher Obodike Ezugwu ◽  
Chibueze Jeremiah Ike ◽  
Chidalu B. Ikeotuonye
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Acid Methyl

Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Mull. Arg.  (Euphorbiaceae) is a predominant edible shrub in Nigeria. It is locally used for treatment of common infections and wounds. This study evaluated the toxicity and antioxidant potential of the crude extract and fractions of M. oppositifolius using invitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The result showed abundance of flavonoids (28.21), tannins (17.72), alkaloids (7.79) and Saponins (0.23) in the crude extract of M. oppositifolius leaf extract. Also, the result showed that the LD50 is above 5000 mg/kg, therefore the crude extract is safe for consumption. The result further showed that the ethyl-acetate and butanol had significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity when compared with the control at 125, 62.5 and 31.125 µg/ml respectively while at 250 and 500 µg/ml there was no significant different in the level of reduction of oxidation between the butanol and ethyl acetate when compared with the control. The result further showed that the butanol and ethyl-acetate fraction of M. oppositifolius had the best antioxidant potential among the fractions studied. The result of GCMS studies of ethyl-acetate fraction showed the presence of 7,10,13-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester, korormicin, agosterol, phyllanthin, ricinoic acid, 2,4,6-decatrienoic acid 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-5,5a-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,7,9, limonin, com-pounds that have shown to possess strong antioxidant activities. Also, the GCMS result of butanol fraction showed the presence of seven compounds which include: ferulylhistamine, hippeastrine, 10,13-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester, ethyl 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoate, 6-hydroxy-powelline-N-nitroso-7-demethoxy-aldehyde, 6,7-epoxypregn-4-ene-9,11,18-triol-3,20-dione 11,18-diacetate and 5Alpha-androstane-3,17-dione 17-monooxime,  compounds which may serve as a new lead for the treatment of diseases associated with the oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Activities of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott could be Attributed to The Abundance of Polyphenol Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Earnest Oghenesuvwe Erhirhie ◽  
Emmanuel Emeka Ilodigwe ◽  
Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku ◽  
Blessing Ogechukwu Umeokoli ◽  
Peter Maduabuchi Eze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Anti Oxidant

Dryopteris filix mas (D filix-mas) is wildly used in ethnomedicine for the management of rheumatoid arthritis, wounds and other diseases. We investigated the anti-oxidant activities of its leaf extract, and chromatographic fractions. The ethanol leaf extract was partitioned into four fractions; n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water. Ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging in vitro assays were carried out on the extract and fractions at 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 µg/mL. The most active fraction (ethyl acetate fraction) was further purified using chromatographic techniques to isolate its major compound whose structure was elucidated using ID nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. The ethyl acetate fraction produced the highest free radical scavenging activity among the other fractions. The fraction (VLC-E7) from which the bioactive compound, quercetin-3-O-αL-rhamnopyranoside, was isolated had the best FRAP and DPPH scavenging activities with EC50 and IC50 values of 88.81 ± 3.41 and 26.87 ± 0.24 respectively more than the ethyl acetate fraction. This study revealed that the polyphenol flavonoid, quercetin-3-O-αL-rhamnopyranoside could be responsible for antioxidant activity of ethno-medicinal property of D filix-mas leaf.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of extracts, fractions and isolated substances from the flowers of Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudia Alexandra de Andrade ◽  
João Luiz de Souza Carvalho ◽  
Miriam Machado Cunico ◽  
Ana Luísa Lacava Lordello ◽  
Carmen Etsuko Kataoka Higaskino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Total Phenol Content

The extracts and fractions from the flowers of A. podalyriifolia were analyzed previously for antibacterial activity using diffusion in disk, Antioxidant properties were evaluated by determining radical scavenging power (DPPH test) and total phenol content was measured (Folin method). The present study describes the in vitro antibacterial (determining minimum inhibitory concentration) and antioxidant activities (by thiobarbituric acid reactive species - TBARS method) for the ethanol extract, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions and two flavanones (naringenin and 5-β-D-glycosyl-naringenin) isolated from the flowers of Acacia podalyriifolia A. Cunn. ex G. Don. The flavanones naringenin and 5-β-D-glycosyl-naringenin had not previously been obtained from this species. The most effective antibacterial activity was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction (MIC=0.25 mg mL-1 against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, MIC = 0.125 mg mL-1 against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12229, MIC=0.5 mg mL-1 against Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 and Proteus mirabilis ATCC 43071). The evaluated samples showed antioxidant activity on the TBARS test, especially for ethanol extract (1000 ppm), which was the most active (29.43% ± 0.65) followed by ethyl acetate fraction (1000 ppm, 24.84% ± 1,28), both demonstrating higher activity than that presented by ascorbic acid (1000 ppm, 21.73% ± 1.77), although lower than the BHT (1000 ppm 35.15% ± 3.42), both reference compounds. Naringenin and 5-β-D-glycosyl-naringenin demonstrated antioxidant action, but only naringenin inhibited the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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