A Review of the Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contamination of Soil, Water and Air and the Available Remediation Techniques, Taking into Consideration the Sustainable Development Goals

The emergence of several industrial activities has arguably led to hydrocarbon contamination of all aspects of the environment. The resultant effect of the increased dependence on crude oil is the hydrocarbon pollution via the exploration, transport and waste disposal. Crude oil is a complex mixture of aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. The impact of the crude oil spills, pesticides, fossil fuels and other organic pollutants, which majorly contains these hydrocarbons is that the natural heavy metal content of the soil is drastically rising, resulting in high concentration of heavy metals, thereby limiting the microbe’s activity, rendering it unsuitable for degradation and reduced effectiveness. This menace has hereby brought the dire need for adequate environmental remediation technique, putting into consideration the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs’). Variety of techniques exist for remediation depending on the media (e.g. air, water, or soil) and contaminant (e.g. heavy metals, PCB etc.). Some of the techniques adopted in the last several decades are physical/mechanical, chemical or biochemical remediation methods.

Dinitrohydrazines and Interaction of Them with Some Group-II Metals - DFT Treatment

Dinitrohydrazines and interaction of them with some group-II metals have been considered within the restrictions of density functional theory and the basis set applied (B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)). Dinitrohydrazine has two isomers as geminal and vicinal. The calculations reveal that both of them are structurally stable. The vicinal form electronically is more stable and thermo chemically more favorable than the other isomer. The beryllium magnesium and calcium (1:1) composites of them are considered. The results indicate that only the beryllium composites (geminal and vicinal) are structurally intact while the others undergo decomposition due to reductive cleavage by the metals. The decompositions occurred exhibit variations from one composite to the other.

Syntheses, Characterization, and X-ray Crystal Structure of Binuclear Lanthanide Complexes Assembled with Schiff Base and Acetate

Herein we reported the binuclear complexes of the 1-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)hydrazine ligand (HL) [Ln2(HL)2(CH3COO)6].n(H2O) (Ln = Y, Pr, Gd and Er). The binuclear complexes are characterized by IR and physical measurement. Spectroscopic evidence indicated that the Schiff base HL behave an N3 coordination tridentate ligand. The complexes are formulated as [{Ln(1-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene-kN)-2-(pyridin-2-yl-kN)hydrazine-kN1)(h2-OOCH3)2}{h1:h2:m2-OOCH3}2{Ln(1-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene-kN)-2-(pyridin-2-yl-kN)hydrazine-kN1))(h2-OOCH3)2}].n(H2O). The structure of the praseodymium complex was elucidated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Suitable crystals were grown by slow evaporation of methanol solution. The asymmetric unit of the compound contains two neutral ligand molecules, two Pr3+ ions, four acetate anions acting in h2-OOCH3 mode, two acetate anions acting in h1:h2:m2-OOCH3 mode, and three uncoordinated water molecules. The praseodymium atom is ten coordinated and the coordination sphere is best described as a distorted bicapped square antiprism. The PrIII···PrIII distance is 4.2777(6) Å and the bridging angle Pr—O—Pr and O—Pr—O are respectively 115.8(3)° and 64.2(3)°. The structure is consolidated by intra and intermolecular hydrogen bond.

Comparison of Oxidative Powers of DADP and TATP - A DFT Treatise

Diacetone diperoxide (DADP) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP) are very sensitive organic-peroxide type explosives which are easily synthesized. The present density functional treatment considers oxidative powers of DADP and TATP molecules based on comparison of their interactions with certain group II-metals at the level of B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). Composite systems of DADP and TATP with Be, Mg and Ca have been considered. Although, in the case of beryllium composites, DADP and TATP and in the magnesium composite of DADP the organic component remains intact, Ca composites of DADP and TATP undergo ring rapture. Certain structural, electronic, quantum chemical and some spectral properties of the composites have been obtained and discussed.

Charged Forms of Diacetone Diperoxide - DFT Treatment

Diacetone diperoxide (DADP) is one of the sensitive and powerful organic peroxide explosives like its trimeric analogue TATP. Presently, some ionic forms of it have been investigated within the limitations of density functional theory at the level of UB3LYP/6-311++G(d,p). Various properties (including structural, electronic, spectral and quantum chemical) have been obtained and discussed. The studied mono and dianions having different multiplicity states have been found to be stable but monocation form decomposed.

A Review of the Environmental Impact of Gas Flaring on the Physiochemical Properties of Water, Soil and Air Quality in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is of great socio-economic importance due to its huge crude oil reserves. However, the process of exploration has been of great detrimental effect on the physiochemical properties of the soil, water and air quality in the region and has caused several public health issues. This review article is focused on readdressing the extent of the impact of one of the processes, gas flaring on the environment, using some physiochemical parameters of rain water, soil and air quality in some selected communities in the Niger Delta region based on series of previous researches. The results show that gas flaring has negatively impacted the physical and chemical properties soil, water and air components of the environment, most especially impacting areas very close to the flaring site. Also, recommendations were made as to how the flaring of gas can be reduced to a very minimal level as well as how these gases can be utilized making it more economical than the flaring process which is a very good case for further research.

Charged Forms of 2,6-Dinitro-1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-3,5-diamine - A DFT Treatment

The titled structure possesses many electron donating and attracting groups and should have push-pull type character. Its constitutional isomer, 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine-N-oxide is a heat-resistant explosive material. In the present article, the charged forms of the titled structure have been investigated within the constraints of density functional theory at the level of UB3LYP/6-31++G(d,p). The calculations have revealed that it is electronically less stable than its isomer, 2,6-diamino-2,5-dinitropyridine-N-oxide. Some structural, electronic, quantum chemical and spectral behavior of ±1, ±2 type ions of it are considered presently.

Nanotechnology and Environment Study

Nanotechnology has begun to be used to solve or at least mitigate environmental pollution problems, and in turn has provided a great opportunity to develop some strategies to protect the environment from pollution. Nanotechnology enables having the possibility to increase the efficiency of energy consumption, produce clean energy sources, solve the problem of water and air pollution and other environmental problems by developing new ways to provide and treat drinking water and discover air pollution. This stimulated the United Nations to pay attention to it and to monitor a plan to benefit from its applications in various fields. This paper reviews the impacts of nanotechnology on such environmental issues.

Interaction of TATP with Some Group II Metals - A DFT Treatment

Triacetonetriperoxide (TATP) is a very sensitive organic peroxide type explosive which attracts the attention of terrorist groups due to its easy synthesis. The present density functional treatment considers the interaction of TATP molecule with certain group II metals at the level of B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p). Composite systems of TATP and Be, 2Be, Mg and Ca have been considered. Although, in the case of beryllium composites TATP molecule remains intact, in its Mg and Ca composites the rupture of the ring (even in 1:1 composite) occurs. Certain structural, electronic, quantum chemical and some spectral properties of the composites have been obtained and discussed.

Partitioning of Molecular Weight - An Elliptic Model for Isomers

Partitioning of any real number has been achieved based on an elliptic model introduced. Then, it has been adopted to isomeric molecules including optically active ones. Certain angles and bounds are defined. A bivariant regression model has been proposed for a set of isomeric molecules and discussed.