scholarly journals Declassifying Myrmecophily in the Coleoptera to Promote the Study of Ant-Beetle Symbioses

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glené Mynhardt
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Evolutionary Studies

The symbiotic associations between beetles and ants have been observed in at least 35 beetle families. Among myrmecophiles, beetles exhibit the most diverse behavioral and morphological adaptations to a life with ants. These various associations have historically been grouped into discrete but overlapping behavioral categories, many of which are still used in the modern literature. While these behavioral classifications provide a rich foundation for the study of ant-beetle symbioses, the application of these systems in future studies may be less than effective. Since morphological characteristics often provide the only information of myrmecophilous beetles, they should be studied in a species-by-species fashion, as behavioral data are often limited or unavailable. Similarly, behavioral studies should focus on the target species at hand, avoiding discrete classification schemes. I formally propose the rejection of any classification scheme, in order to promote future studies of myrmecophily in both taxonomic and evolutionary studies.

scholarly journals Effusive Monogenetic Volcanism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Murcia ◽  
Károly Németh
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Magma Ascent ◽  
Explosive Activity ◽  
Monogenetic Volcanism ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Lava Domes ◽  
Tectonic Settings ◽  
Monogenetic Volcanoes

The study of monogenetic volcanism around Earth is rapidly growing due to the increasing recognition of monogenetic volcanic edifices in different tectonic settings. Far from the idea that this type of volcanism is both typically mafic and characteristic from intraplate environments, it occurs in a wide spectrum of composition and geological settings. This volcanism is widely known by the distinctive pyroclastic cones that represent both magmatic and phreatomagmatic explosive activity; they are known as scoria or spatter cones, tuff cones, tuff rings, maars and maar-diatremes. These cones are commonly associated with lava domes and usually accompanied by lava flows as part of their effusive eruptive phases. In spite of this, isolated effusive monogenetic emissions also appear around Earth’s surface. However, these isolated emissions are not habitually considered within the classification scheme of monogenetic volcanoes. Along with this, many of these effusive volcanoes also contrast with the belief that this volcanism is indicative of rapidly magma ascent from the asthenosphere, as many of the products are strongly evolved reflecting differentiation linked to stagnation during ascent. This has led to the understanding that the asthenosphere is not always the place that directly gives rise to the magma batches and rather, they detach from a crustal melt storage. This chapter introduces four singular effusive monogenetic volcanoes as part of the volcanic geoforms, highlights the fact that monogenetic volcanic fields can also be associated with crustal reservoirs, and outlines the processes that should occur to differentiate the magma before it is released as intermediate and acidic in composition. This chapter also provides an overview of this particular volcanism worldwide and contributes to the monogenetic comprehension for future studies.

scholarly journals Habituation is not neutral or equal: Individual differences in tolerance suggest an overlooked personality trait

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (28) ◽  
pp. eaaz0870
Author(s):  
Andrew T. L. Allan ◽  
Annie L. Bailey ◽  
Russell A. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Observer Effects ◽  
Group Members

In behavioral studies, observer effects can be substantial, even for habituated animals, but few studies account for potential observer-related phenomenon empirically. We used wild, habituated chacma baboons to explore two key assumptions of behavioral ecology (i) that observers become a “neutral” stimulus and (ii) that habituation is “equal” across group members. Using flight initiation distance (FID) methods within a personality paradigm, the behavioral responses of baboons suggested that observers were not perceived as neutral but instead viewed as a high-ranking social threat. Habituation was also not equal across group members, with repeatable individual differences more important than contextual factors (e.g., habitat) in determining the distance at which baboons visually oriented or displaced from observers. A strong correlation between individual visual tolerance and displacement tolerance (i.e., convergent validity) indicated a personality trait. We offer several suggestions for how to account for these factors and minimize potential bias in future studies.

Reclassification at Chelsea College of Art & Design Library

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Lawes ◽  
Tania Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Art Education ◽  
Public Art ◽  
Art History ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Spatial Design ◽  
Art Design ◽  
Large Sections ◽  
Initial Classification

This article examines some of the problems associated with the initial classification and subsequent reclassification of a specialist Fine Art library. The Library at the then Chelsea School of Art was established in the early 1960s. It was unusual, ‘being predominantly a fine art (painting and sculpture) institution, with lesser responsibilities in design.’ Most ‘off the peg’ classification schemes do not incorporate enough flexibility for the detail required by such a specific collection, but do include large sections devoted to design subjects which were unnecessary at the time. It was decided, therefore, to create a bespoke scheme for the Chelsea collection, and this was adapted several times over the years to fit in with the changing landscape of art history and art education. In January 2005, Chelsea College of Art & Design relocated to a new unified site on Millbank, merging the three very specialised libraries: Manresa Road (Fine Art), Hugon Road (Interior and Spatial Design, Graphics and Illustration) and Lime Grove (Textiles and Public Art). One of the major challenges of this relocation was to bring all the collections together under one classification scheme.

Classification schemes in art libraries in the United Kingdom

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Currier
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Controlled Vocabulary ◽  
Electronic Resource ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Discussion List ◽  
The One ◽  
The Uk ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Decimal Classification

Subject access to physical or electronic resource collections can be divided into two complementary areas: searching and browsing. Searching involves the use of subject headings, indexing terms from a controlled vocabulary, or natural language keywords. Browsing, whether along a shelf or through a subject tree on the Web, requires the application of some kind of taxonomy or classification scheme. This article looks at what class schemes art libraries are using to arrange their book collections in the UK today. Based on an informal survey via the ARLIS e-mail discussion list, it appears that the Dewey Decimal Classification is not only the most commonly used class scheme, but the one most art libraries choose when they reclassify their library.

scholarly journals Everyday Pain in Three- to Five-Year-Old Children in Day Care

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl L von Baeyer ◽  
Shannon Baskerville ◽  
Patrick J McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Day Care ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Body Part ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Care Staff ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Day Care Centres ◽  
Median Rate

A new event sampling instrument, the Dalhousie Everyday Pain Scale, was used to observe 50 children in six day care centres in Saskatoon for an average of 2.24 h each. The nature of minor painful incidents (eg, collisions and falls) was recorded, including distress behaviours and responses from peers and adults. Twenty-nine children (58%) were observed to experience one or more painful incidents, producing a total of 51 incidents and yielding a median rate of incidents of 0.31 per child per hour, a rate similar to that reported in another Canadian sample. Seven of nine child response items met criteria for reliability in a subsample of incidents observed simultaneously by two observers. Rubbing the affected body part, crying and making verbal statements about the injury were the most common responses to painful incidents. Intervention by day care staff was strongly associated with children's facial expression of distress: physical and first aid interventions were offered most frequently to children who displayed the greatest facial distress. Content analysis of observers' records produced a classification scheme for causes of painful incidents. Twenty per cent of painful incidents were judged to be the result of deliberate actions by other children. The classification of causes may be a useful addition to the scale for application in future studies of everyday pain and injury prevention.

scholarly journals Debris-carrying camouflage among diverse lineages of Cretaceous insects

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. e1501918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Fangyuan Xia ◽  
Michael S. Engel ◽  
Vincent Perrichot ◽  
Gongle Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Early Evolution ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Insect Assemblage ◽  
Insight Into

Insects have evolved diverse methods of camouflage that have played an important role in their evolutionary success. Debris-carrying, a behavior of actively harvesting and carrying exogenous materials, is among the most fascinating and complex behaviors because it requires not only an ability to recognize, collect, and carry materials but also evolutionary adaptations in related morphological characteristics. However, the fossil record of such behavior is extremely scarce, and only a single Mesozoic example from Spanish amber has been recorded; therefore, little is known about the early evolution of this complicated behavior and its underlying anatomy. We report a diverse insect assemblage of exceptionally preserved debris carriers from Cretaceous Burmese, French, and Lebanese ambers, including the earliest known chrysopoid larvae (green lacewings), myrmeleontoid larvae (split-footed lacewings and owlflies), and reduviids (assassin bugs). These ancient insects used a variety of debris material, including insect exoskeletons, sand grains, soil dust, leaf trichomes of gleicheniacean ferns, wood fibers, and other vegetal debris. They convergently evolved their debris-carrying behavior through multiple pathways, which expressed a high degree of evolutionary plasticity. We demonstrate that the behavioral repertoire, which is associated with considerable morphological adaptations, was already widespread among insects by at least the Mid-Cretaceous. Together with the previously known Spanish specimen, these fossils are the oldest direct evidence of camouflaging behavior in the fossil record. Our findings provide a novel insight into early evolution of camouflage in insects and ancient ecological associations among plants and insects.

scholarly journals Big Behavioral Data: Psychology, Ethology and the Foundations of Neuroscience

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Gomez-Marin ◽  
Joseph J Paton ◽  
Adam R Kampff ◽  
Rui M Costa ◽  
Zachary M Mainen
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Current State ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Experimental Constraint

Behavior is a unifying organismal process where genes, neural function, anatomy and environment converge and interrelate. Here we review the current state and discuss the future impact of accelerating advances in technology for behavioral studies, focusing on rodents as an exemplar. We frame our perspective in three dimensions: degree of experimental constraint, dimensionality of data, and level of description. We argue that "big behavioral data" presents challenges proportionate to its promise and describe how these challenges might be met through opportunities afforded by the two rival conceptual legacies of 20th century behavioral science, ethology and psychology. We conclude that although "more is not necessarily better", copious, quantitative and open behavioral data has the potential to transform and unify these two disciplines and to solidify the foundations of others, including neuroscience, but only if the development of novel theoretical frameworks and improved experimental designs matches the technological progress.

scholarly journals PHYLOGENETIC ASSESSMENT IN THE GENUS ALLIUM USING RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 611e-611
Author(s):  
James M. Bradeen ◽  
Michael J. Havey
Keyword(s):  
Restriction Fragment ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Wild Germplasm ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Bulb Onion ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

The genus Allium contains about 500 species, several of which have been cultivated for millennia. Despite its long history of cultivation and its worldwide economic importance, little is known phylogenetically about Allium. Identification of the likely progenitor of A. cepa (the bulb onion) will focus future collection efforts on wild germplasm that may be useful in the genetic improvement of the bulb onion. Several classification schemes based on morphological characteristics have been proposed for A. cepa and its presumed closest relatives. None of these schemes has been definitive. Nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were identified among Allium species in sections Cepa and Phyllodolon. These were used to unbiasedly estimate phylogenetic relationships.

scholarly journals Across-Species Pose Estimation in Poultry Based on Images Using Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Erik Doornweerd ◽  
Gert Kootstra ◽  
Roel F. Veerkamp ◽  
Esther D. Ellen ◽  
Jerine A. J. van der Eijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pose Estimation ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Data Annotation ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Test Sets ◽  
Species Performance ◽  
Direct Use ◽  
Pixel Error

Animal pose-estimation networks enable automated estimation of key body points in images or videos. This enables animal breeders to collect pose information repeatedly on a large number of animals. However, the success of pose-estimation networks depends in part on the availability of data to learn the representation of key body points. Especially with animals, data collection is not always easy, and data annotation is laborious and time-consuming. The available data is therefore often limited, but data from other species might be useful, either by itself or in combination with the target species. In this study, the across-species performance of animal pose-estimation networks and the performance of an animal pose-estimation network trained on multi-species data (turkeys and broilers) were investigated. Broilers and turkeys were video recorded during a walkway test representative of the situation in practice. Two single-species and one multi-species model were trained by using DeepLabCut and tested on two single-species test sets. Overall, the within-species models outperformed the multi-species model, and the models applied across species, as shown by a lower raw pixel error, normalized pixel error, and higher percentage of keypoints remaining (PKR). The multi-species model had slightly higher errors with a lower PKR than the within-species models but had less than half the number of annotated frames available from each species. Compared to the single-species broiler model, the multi-species model achieved lower errors for the head, left foot, and right knee keypoints, although with a lower PKR. Across species, keypoint predictions resulted in high errors and low to moderate PKRs and are unlikely to be of direct use for pose and gait assessments. A multi-species model may reduce annotation needs without a large impact on performance for pose assessment, however, with the recommendation to only be used if the species are comparable. If a single-species model exists it could be used as a pre-trained model for training a new model, and possibly require a limited amount of new data. Future studies should investigate the accuracy needed for pose and gait assessments and estimate genetic parameters for the new phenotypes before pose-estimation networks can be applied in practice.

scholarly journals Revised nomenclature and SNP barcode for Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuttapong Thawornwattana ◽  
Surakameth Mahasirimongkol ◽  
Hideki Yanai ◽  
Htet Myat Win Maung ◽  
Zhezhe Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Classification Schemes ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Lineage 2

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lineage 2 (L2) strains are present globally, contributing to a widespread tuberculosis (TB) burden, particularly in Asia where both prevalence of TB and numbers of drug resistant TB are highest. The increasing availability of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data worldwide provides an opportunity to improve our understanding of the global genetic diversity of Mtb L2 and its association with the disease epidemiology and pathogenesis. However, existing L2 sublineage classification schemes leave >20 % of the Modern Beijing isolates unclassified. Here, we present a revised SNP-based classification scheme of L2 in a genomic framework based on phylogenetic analysis of >4000 L2 isolates from 34 countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Oceania and Africa. Our scheme consists of over 30 genotypes, many of which have not been described before. In particular, we propose six main genotypes of Modern Beijing strains, denoted L2.2.M1–L2.2.M6. We also provide SNP markers for genotyping L2 strains from WGS data. This fine-scale genotyping scheme, which can classify >98 % of the studied isolates, serves as a basis for more effective monitoring and reporting of transmission and outbreaks, as well as improving genotype-phenotype associations such as disease severity and drug resistance. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

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