scholarly journals Morphological Changes in the Bone Marrow of the Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Momo ◽  
Ana Paula Prudente Jacintho ◽  
Pamela Rodrigues Reina Moreira ◽  
Danísio Prado Munari ◽  
Gisele Fabrino Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Leishmania Chagasi ◽  
Control Center ◽  
A Site

The aim of this study was to evaluate the most frequent lesions in the bone marrow of dogs naturally infected byLeishmania (Leishmania) chagasi.Thirty-three dogs sacrificed at the Zoonosis Control Center of Araçatuba, a municipality endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), were used. The animals were classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, and symptomatic groups. At the necropsy, bone marrow samples were collected from the femur, fixed, processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The lesion intensity was classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The parasite load was determined using immunohistochemistry. The most important lesions consisted of multifocal to diffuse granulomas, megakaryocytic dysplasia, and medullary aplasia. There were no statistical differences between the three clinical groups regarding parasite load and lesion intensity. Asymptomatic dogs also presented high parasitism in the bone marrow as dogs with clinical signs of VL. It was concluded that, regardless of clinical group, the bone marrow is a site for multiplication ofLeishmania chagasi. Possibly, the bone marrow dysplasia may arise from the presence of many parasitized and activated macrophages in this organ. Consequently, it affects the profile of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and systemic circulation.

scholarly journals Morphological changes and parasite load of the adrenal from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Momo ◽  
Nathália Alves de Souza Rocha ◽  
Pamela Rodrigues Reina Moreira ◽  
Danísio Prado Munari ◽  
Suely Regina Mogami Bomfim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Inflammatory Infiltrate ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Glandular Tissue ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Hyperimmune Serum ◽  
Control Center

The objective of this study was to analyze morphological changes and parasite loads in the adrenal gland from 45 dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The animals were from the Zoonosis Control Center of Araçatuba, state of São Paulo, which is an endemic region for the disease. These animals were euthanized due to positive diagnoses of VL. The dogs were classified into asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic groups. The parasite load was determined by immunohistochemistry, using VL-positive dog hyperimmune serum. Nine dogs showed an inflammatory infiltrate composed, predominantly, of plasma cells and macrophages. However, only eight dogs showed macrophages with amastigote forms of the parasite, immunolabeled in the cytoplasm. The medullary and reticular layers were the most affected areas, possibly due to a favorable microenvironment created by hormones in these regions. The density of parasites in the glandular tissue was not associated with clinical signs of VL (P > 0.05). However, the presence of the parasite was always associated with the presence of a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. This gland may not be an ideal place for the parasite's multiplication, but the presence of injuries to the glandular tissue could influence the dog's immune system, thus favoring the parasite's survival in the host's different organs.

scholarly journals Clinical and laboratory alterations in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Cláudio Carneiro de Freitas ◽  
Diana Célia Sousa Nunes-Pinheiro ◽  
Belarmino Eugênio Lopes Neto ◽  
Glauco Jonas Lemos Santos ◽  
Cyntia Rafaelle Amaral de Abreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Bone Marrow Aspiration ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Clinical Markers ◽  
Leishmania Chagasi ◽  
Control Center

INTRODUCTION: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonotic disease with different clinical manifestations. Parasitism often occurs in bone marrow, but changes have been observed in peripheral blood and serum biochemical parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological and biochemical parameters in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi. METHODS: Eighty-five adult dogs of both sexes and various weights and ages from the Zoonosis Control Center of Fortaleza (CCZ) were used, selected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and considered positive with IFA titers greater than 1:40 and by visualizing amastigotes of Leishmania chagasi in smears obtained by bone marrow aspiration. The dogs (n = 85) were grouped according to clinical signs: negative (CN = 7), subclinical (CS = 10), and clinical (CC = 68). Blood samples were collected for determination of hematological and biochemical serum values. The experimental protocol was approved by the CEUA/UECE. RESULTS: The most frequent clinical signs were cachexia (77.9%), keratitis (61.8%), and lymphadenopathy (55.9%), and 86.8% of the animals showed more than one clinical sign characteristic of CVL. In CC were observed reductions in red blood cells (63%), hematocrit (72%), and hemoglobin (62%), as well as leukocytosis (33%), neutropenia (28%), thrombocytopenia (50%), uremia (45%), hyperproteinemia (53%, p<0.05), hypergammaglobulinemia (62%, p<0.01), and hypoalbuminemia (58%). CONCLUSIONS: Animals with the clinical form of the disease demonstrate hematological and biochemical changes consistent with anemia, uremia, hyperproteinemia, and hyperglobulinemia, which present themselves as strong clinical markers of visceral leishmaniasis associated with the signs previously reported.

Dogs as a model for chemotherapy of Chagas disease and Leishmaniasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta de Lana ◽  
Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Parasite Clearance ◽  
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Chagasi ◽  
Clinical Recovery ◽  
Therapeutic Results ◽  
New Treatments

Background: Dogs are natural reservoir of Chagas disease (CD) and Leishmaniasis and have been used for studies of these infections as they develop different clinical forms of these diseases similar to humans. Objective: This revision describes publications in dog model relative to CD and Leishmaniasis chemotherapy. Methods: The search of articles was based in PubMed, Scopus and MESH using the keywords: dog, Trypanosoma cruzi, treatment (T. cruzi chemotherapy analysis) in addition to dog, Leishmania chagasi, Leishmania infantum, canine visceral leishmaniasis, treatment (Leishmania chemotherapy evaluation). Results: Benznidazole and nifurtimox were used as reference in the treatment of CD and associated with other compounds. Eleven out of the fifteen studies have authors from the same team, using similar protocols and post-treatment evaluations, which assured more reproducibility and credibility. Twenty Leishmaniasis studies, especially in visceral leishmaniasis, presenting at least one parasitological analysis tested in distinct monochemotherapy and polychemotherapy approaches were accessed. Data demonstrated that polychemotherapy was more effective in improving the clinical signs and parasitism control. Conclusion: The benefits of treatment in terms of reducing or eliminating lesions and/or cardiac dysfunctions were demonstrated at acute and/or chronic phases relative to parasite load and/or the T. cruzi strain resistance to treatment. BZ presented better therapeutic results than the two EBI compounds evaluated. Although treatment of the canine visceral leishmaniasis was not able to induce complete parasite clearance, it can improve clinical recovery. Thus, the dog is a good model for CD and Leishmaniasis studies of chemotherapy and may be indicated for pre-clinical trials of new treatments.

scholarly journals Frequency of detection and load of amastigotes in the pancreas of Leishmania infantum-seropositive dogs: clinical signs and histological changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William de Oliveira Kost ◽  
Sandro Antonio Pereira ◽  
Fabiano Borges Figueiredo ◽  
Artur Augusto Velho Mendes Junior ◽  
Maria de Fátima Madeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Etiological Agents

Abstract Background Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum and is highly lethal in humans and dogs if left untreated. The frequency of this parasite and associated histological changes in the pancreas of dogs are poorly studied. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency of detection and load of amastigotes in the pancreas of L. infantum-seropositive dogs and to identify the clinical signs and histological changes associated with parasitism of this organ. Methods One hundred forty-three dogs from an endemic area in Brazil that tested seropositive for L. infantum were studied. The dogs were clinically examined, killed, and necropsied between 2013 and 2014. One fragment of the pancreas was randomly collected for histopathology and immunohistochemistry, and spleen and bone marrow were collected for culture. Results Leishmania amastigotes were detected in the pancreas of 22 dogs (15.4%) by immunohistochemistry, all exhibiting L. infantum parasitism in the spleen and/or bone marrow. Poor body condition and cachexia were only associated with infection of the pancreas with Leishmania spp. (p = 0.021) and were found in 40.9% of dogs with pancreatic infection. Anorexia, vomiting, and/or diarrhea were observed in 9.2% of dogs with pancreatitis. The median parasite load in the pancreas was 1.4 infected macrophages/mm2. Pancreatic histological changes and their frequencies were: granulomatous pancreatitis (28.0%), lymphoplasmacytic pancreatitis (23.8%), acinar cell degeneration (6.3%), fibrosis (5.6%), hemorrhage (2.1%), eosinophilic pancreatitis (0.7%), suppurative pancreatitis (0.7%), and necrosis (0.7%). Conclusions The present results demonstrate that L. infantum is one of the etiological agents of chronic pancreatitis in dogs; however, the frequency of detection and parasite load are low in this organ. The lack of an association of poor body condition and cachexia with pancreatitis and the low frequency of clinical signs commonly associated with pancreatitis suggest that a significant portion of the organ is not affected by this parasite. On the other hand, the association of poor body condition and cachexia with concomitant infection of the pancreas, spleen, and/or bone marrow with this parasite suggests that these manifestations are the result of a more advanced stage of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals T cell suppression in the bone marrow of visceral leishmaniasis patients: impact of parasite load

2017 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kumar ◽  
P. Misra ◽  
C. P. Thakur ◽  
A. Saurabh ◽  
N. Rishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
T Cell Suppression ◽  
Cell Suppression

scholarly journals QBC® for the diagnosis of human and canine american visceral leishmaniasis: preliminary data

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Liarte ◽  
Ivete L. Mendonça ◽  
Francisco C.O. Luz ◽  
Elza A.S. de Abreu ◽  
Gustavo W.S. Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Promising Method ◽  
Blood Parasites ◽  
Leishmania Chagasi ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers ◽  
Fluorescent Method

"Quantitative Buffy Coat" (QBC®) is a direct and fast fluorescent method used for the identification of blood parasites. Since Leishmania chagasi circulates in blood, we decided to test it in American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL). Bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) of 49 persons and PB of 31 dogs were analyzed. QBC® was positive in BM of 11/11 patients with AVL and in 1/6 patients with other diseases. Amastigotes were identified in PB of 18/22 patients with AVL and in none without AVL. The test was positive in 30 out of the 31 seropositive dogs and in 28/28 dogs with Leishmania identified in other tissues. QBC® is a promising method for diagnosis of human AVL, and possibly for the exam of PB of patients with AVL/AIDS, for the control of the cure and for the identification of asymptomatic carriers. Because it is fast and easy to collect and execute, QBC® should be evaluated for programs of reservoir control.

scholarly journals Frequency of co-seropositivities for certain pathogens and their relationship with clinical and histopathological changes and parasite load in dogs infected with Leishmania infantum

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247560
Author(s):  
Valéria da Costa Oliveira ◽  
Artur Augusto Velho Mendes Junior ◽  
Luiz Claudio Ferreira ◽  
Tatiana Machado Quinates Calvet ◽  
Shanna Araujo dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Canine Leishmaniosis ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Histological Changes

In canine leishmaniosis caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, little is known about how co-infections with or co-seropositivities for other pathogens can influence aggravation of this disease. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency of co-infections with or co-seropositivities for certain pathogens in dogs seropositive for L. infantum and their relationship with clinical signs, histological changes and L. infantum load. Sixty-six L. infantum-seropositive dogs were submitted to clinical examination, collection of blood and bone marrow, culling, and necropsy. Antibodies against Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Ehrlichia spp. and Toxoplasma gondii and Dirofilaria immitis antigens were investigated in serum. Samples from different tissues were submitted to histopathology and immunohistochemistry for the detection of Leishmania spp. and T. gondii. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the L. infantum load in spleen samples. For detection of Coxiella burnetii, conventional PCR and nested PCR were performed using bone marrow samples. All 66 dogs tested positive for L. infantum by qPCR and/or culture. Fifty dogs (76%) were co-seropositive for at least one pathogen: T. gondii (59%), Ehrlichia spp., (41%), and Anaplasma spp. (18%). Clinical signs were observed in 15 (94%) dogs monoinfected with L. infantum and in 45 (90%) dogs co-seropositive for certain pathogens. The L. infantum load in spleen and skin did not differ significantly between monoinfected and co-seropositive dogs. The number of inflammatory cells was higher in the spleen, lung and mammary gland of co-seropositive dogs and in the mitral valve of monoinfected dogs. These results suggest that dogs infected with L. infantum and co-seropositive for certain pathogens are common in the region studied. However, co-seropositivities for certain pathogens did not aggravate clinical signs or L. infantum load, although they were associated with a more intense inflammatory reaction in some organs.

scholarly journals Is severe visceral leishmaniasis a systemic inflammatory response syndrome? A case control study

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Nery Costa ◽  
Guilherme Loureiro Werneck ◽  
Dorcas Lamounier Costa ◽  
Thiago Ayres Holanda ◽  
Guilherme Brasileiro Aguiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Control Study

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study is to identify the main risk factors for death by New World visceral leishmaniasis and establish a coherent pathogenic substrate of severe disease based on clinical findings. METHODS: Seventy-six deceased inpatients and 320 successfully treated inpatients with VL were studied in a case control study. RESULTS: Bacterial infection and bleeding were mutually exclusive events leading to death. Five risk factors were unique for death by bacterial infection (malnutrition, pulmonary rales, severe anemia, severe absolute neutropenia and higher neutrophil count), while another six were unique for death by bleeding (jaundice, severe relative neutropenia, severe thrombocytopenia, liver injury, kidney failure, higher bone marrow parasite load). Bacterial infection, bleeding, severe anemia, diarrhea, dyspnea, edema, jaundice and bone marrow parasite load were the main syndromes of visceral leishmaniasis among successfully treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: The data support the idea that bacterial infections are due to immune paralysis. Broad organ and system involvement is plausibly due to the high production of proinflammatory cytokines, whose actions fit well with visceral leishmaniasis. The syndromes and causative mediators are typical of a slowly developing systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

scholarly journals Hematological profile in visceral leishmaniasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Agrawal ◽  
AK Sinha ◽  
P Upadhyaya ◽  
SU Kafle ◽  
S Rijal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Bone Marrow Examination ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Haematological Profile

INTRODUCTION: Visceral Leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and can be fatal in the absence of treatment. Nepal, India, Bangladesh, Brazil and Sudan constitute five countries of the world where more than 90% of visceral leishmaniasis occurs. The aim of this study is to evaluate haematological profile with available clinical data in visceral leishmaniasis patients and to detect LD bodies among them. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a hospital based cross sectional study conducted in the Department of Pathology, BPKIHS, Dharan, for the period of one year. LD bodies were calculated in bone marrow aspirate of forty clinically suspected cases by counting the number of parasites per 100 consecutive oil immersion fields. RESULTS: The age ranged from 2-60 years. Pyerxia was the most common sign (100%) followed by splenomegaly (82.5%), hepatomegaly (65%), and pallor (75%). Anemia was present in 90%, leucopenia in 67.5% and thrombocytopenia in 72.5% cases. Bicytopenia and pancytopenia were observed in 40% and 25% cases, respectively. On peripheral examination RBCs were predominantly normocytic normochromic. On bone marrow examination normocellular marrow and megaloblastic features were predominant findings followed by increased plasma cells. Low, moderate and high grade LD bodies were present in 7.5%, 37.5% and 55% of the cases respectively. Hepatomegaly, anemia, neutropenia and lymphocytosis were statistically significant to parasite load (p-value <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Besides LD bodies in bone marrow aspirates, dyserythroblastic changes and increase plasma cells are common findings in leishmaniasis. Patient from endemic area with positive clinical history and findings should be examined for LD bodies in marrow if dyserythroblastic and increase plasma cell picture is found.  DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v2i2.8320   Int J Infect Microbiol 2013;2(2):39-44

scholarly journals Efficacy of Combined Therapy with Liposome-Encapsulated Meglumine Antimoniate and Allopurinol in Treatment of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 2858-2867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydnei M. da Silva ◽  
Izabela F. G. Amorim ◽  
Raul R. Ribeiro ◽  
Erly G. Azevedo ◽  
Cynthia Demicheli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Drug Combination ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Meglumine Antimoniate

ABSTRACTAn innovative liposomal formulation of meglumine antimoniate (LMA) was recently reported to promote both long-term parasite suppression and reduction of infectivity to sand flies in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. However, 5 months after treatment, parasites were still found in the bone marrow of all treated dogs. In order to improve treatment with LMA, the present study aimed to evaluate its efficacy in combination with allopurinol. Mongrel dogs naturally infected withLeishmania infantumwere treated with six doses of LMA (6.5 mg Sb/kg of body weight/dose) given at 4-day intervals, plus allopurinol (20 mg/kg/24 hper os) for 140 days. Comparison was made with groups treated with LMA, allopurinol, empty liposomes plus allopurinol, empty liposomes, and saline. Dogs remained without treatment from day 140 to 200 after the start of treatment. The drug combination promoted both clinical improvement of dogs and significant reduction in the parasitic load in bone marrow and spleen on days 140 and 200 compared to these parameters in the pretreatment period. This is in contrast with the other protocols, which did not result in significant reduction of the bone marrow parasite load on day 200. Strikingly, the combined treatment, in contrast to the other regimens, induced negative quantitative PCR (qPCR) results in the liver of 100% of the dogs. Both xenodiagnosis and skin parasite determination by qPCR indicated that the drug combination was effective in blocking the transmission of skin parasites to sand flies. Based on all of the parasitological tests performed on day 200, 50% of the animals that received the combined treatment were considered cured.

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