scholarly journals Is severe visceral leishmaniasis a systemic inflammatory response syndrome? A case control study

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Nery Costa ◽  
Guilherme Loureiro Werneck ◽  
Dorcas Lamounier Costa ◽  
Thiago Ayres Holanda ◽  
Guilherme Brasileiro Aguiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Control Study

INTRODUCTION: The objective of the study is to identify the main risk factors for death by New World visceral leishmaniasis and establish a coherent pathogenic substrate of severe disease based on clinical findings. METHODS: Seventy-six deceased inpatients and 320 successfully treated inpatients with VL were studied in a case control study. RESULTS: Bacterial infection and bleeding were mutually exclusive events leading to death. Five risk factors were unique for death by bacterial infection (malnutrition, pulmonary rales, severe anemia, severe absolute neutropenia and higher neutrophil count), while another six were unique for death by bleeding (jaundice, severe relative neutropenia, severe thrombocytopenia, liver injury, kidney failure, higher bone marrow parasite load). Bacterial infection, bleeding, severe anemia, diarrhea, dyspnea, edema, jaundice and bone marrow parasite load were the main syndromes of visceral leishmaniasis among successfully treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: The data support the idea that bacterial infections are due to immune paralysis. Broad organ and system involvement is plausibly due to the high production of proinflammatory cytokines, whose actions fit well with visceral leishmaniasis. The syndromes and causative mediators are typical of a slowly developing systemic inflammatory response syndrome.

scholarly journals Risk factors for recurrent severe anemia among previously transfused children in Uganda: an age-matched case-control study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aggrey Dhabangi ◽  
Richard Idro ◽  
Chandy C. John ◽  
Walter H. Dzik ◽  
Robert Opoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Risk factors for carbapenem-resistant bacterial infection or colonization: A case control study

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio César García C. ◽  
Sergio Amaya ◽  
Wilson Briceño C. ◽  
Carlos Rincón ◽  
Jazmín Pinzón
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Solomon Yared ◽  
Kebede Deribe ◽  
Araya Gebreselassie ◽  
Wessenseged Lemma ◽  
Essayas Akililu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
North Western ◽  
Western Ethiopia ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: a case-control study in Pokot territory of Kenya and Uganda

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H Kolaczinski ◽  
R. Reithinger ◽  
D. T Worku ◽  
A. Ocheng ◽  
J. Kasimiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals A case-control study of microenvironmental risk factors for urban visceral leishmaniasis in a large city in Brazil, 1999-2000

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Di Lorenzo Oliveira ◽  
Ana Diez-Roux ◽  
Cibele Comini César ◽  
Fernando Augusto Proietti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Large City ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in selected high endemic areas of Morang, Nepal: A case control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-196
Author(s):  
Punam Kumari Mandal ◽  
Rajendra Raj Wagle ◽  
Surendra Uranw ◽  
Ajoy Kumar Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Ground Floor ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Migration ◽  
Control Study

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health concern in Nepal. During the last few years, several Kala-azar outbreaks have been reported from Terai region including Morang district, Nepal. Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors associated with Kala-azar at individual and household levels in selected highly endemic areas of Morang district of eastern Nepal. Methodology: A case control study was conducted in five endemic village development committees of Morang district with 62 cases already treated from B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences and Koshi Zonal Hospital. Two hundred and forty eight controls were selected randomly from the same village at the ratio of 1:4. Data was collected between September and November 2013 using structured questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were done and the final model was selected using the backward elimination strategy. Results: This study showed that the majority of cases (29.0%) were from the 13-25 years age group, males are more than females and indigenous caste (74.2%) were affected more than other caste. Living in thatched house (OR 4.57, 95% CI 1.91-10.93), ownership of animal (OR 3.95, 95% CI 1.87-8.37), sleeping on the ground floor (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.83-8.31),  history of migration to India and proximity to other Kala-azar cases within 50 metres distance of household were significant risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis. The association with socioeconomic status remained significant and there was a clear dose – response effect.  Conclusion: Living in thatched house, ownership of animals, sleeping on the ground floor, history of migration to India, proximity to other Kala-azar cases within 50 metres distance and poverty are the main risk factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis transmission.

scholarly journals “Risk Factors for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Selected High Endemic Areas of Morang District, Nepal”: A case control study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punam Kumari Mandal ◽  
Rajendra Raj Wagle ◽  
Ajoy Kumar Thakur ◽  
Surendra Uranw
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Control Study

AbstractVisceral leishmaniasis is a major public health concern in Nepal. During the last few years, several KA outbreaks have been reported from Tarai region including Morang district. A case control study was conducted to assess the risk factors associated with VL in 5 endemic VDC of Morang district with 62 cases already treated from BPKIHS and Koshi zonal hospital and 248 controls selected randomly from the same village. Data collected using semi structured questionnaire from September to November 2013. This study revealed that people living in thatched house, sleeping in ground floor, ownership of animal, history of migration to India (Bihar and Jharkhand) and proximity to other KA cases within 50 m distance of household were strong risk factors for VL. Education remains protective (OR 0.39,95 % CI 0.19-0.79). The association with socioeconomic status showed clear dose – response effect. The odds for VL consistently decreased as the level of socioeconomic status increased (OR 4.26, 3.81). Strengthening surveillance system for early diagnosis and treatment, awareness programme and further extensive study is needed on risk factor, vector and control measures.Author SummaryThis study aims to explore the risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis. Based on findings there is a need to educate people in high-transmission areas how to realize, reduce or avoid environmental factors that favor the survival of the vector in the community. Similarly introduction of more exact surveillance tools in order to improve morbidity and mortality surveillance by health sector. People living in mud thatched houses need to be aware about cracks and crevices in the mud walls, their function as breeding places and how they can be controlled, for example by plastering with lime and mud․. However, a primary condition is that people need to understand the purpose of all these efforts in order to be motivated to put them into practice.

scholarly journals Risk factors for bacterial infections in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19: A case control study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nasir ◽  
F. Rehman ◽  
S.F. Omair
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Gram Negative Organisms ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Control Study

ABSTRACTObjectiveBacterial infections are known to complicate respiratory viral infections and are associated with adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. A case control study was conducted to determine risk factors for bacterial infections where cases were defined as moderate to severe/critical COVID-19 patients with bacterial infection and those without were included as controls. Logistic regression analysis was performed.ResultsOut of a total of 50 cases and 50 controls, greater proportion of cases had severe or critical disease at presentation as compared to control i.e 80% vs 30% (p<0.001). Hospital acquired pneumonia (72%) and Gram negative organisms (82%) were predominant. Overall antibiotic utilization was 82% and was 64% in patients who had no evidence of bacterial infection. The median length of stay was significantly longer among cases compared to controls (12.5 versus 7.5 days) (p=0.001). The overall mortality was 30%, with comparatively higher proportion of deaths among cases (42% versus 18%) (p=0.009). Severe or critical COVID-19 at presentation (AOR: 4.42 times; 95% CI; 1.63-11.9) and use of steroids (AOR: 4.60; 95% CI 1.24-17.05) were independently associated with risk of bacterial infections. These findings have implications for antibiotic stewardship as antibiotics can be reserved for those at higher risk for bacterial superinfections.

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