Molecular Typing of Hospital-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Isfahan, Iran

Abstract Objectives Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent Staphylococcus aureus widespread in hospitals and communities. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the most common types of S. aureus strain circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSCmec type III. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. For the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported in this study. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are native to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec II, III and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is necessary.

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Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran.

10.21203/rs.2.10702/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

zahra hashemizadeh ◽

nahal hadi ◽

samane mohebi ◽

davood kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽

abdolla bazargani

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Sccmec Typing ◽

Tertiary Hospitals ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽

Spa Types

Abstract Objectives: Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent of Staphylococcus. aureus widespread in hospitals and community acquired. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the common types of S. aureus strains circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results: Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSC mec type ІІІ. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. In this study, for the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are natives to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec ІІ, ІІІ and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is desirable. Keyword: Staphylococcus aureus , methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), SCCmec typing, spa typing

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Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran.

10.21203/rs.2.10702/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

zahra hashemizadeh ◽

nahal hadi ◽

samane mohebi ◽

davood kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽

abdolla bazargani

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Sccmec Typing ◽

Tertiary Hospitals ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽

Spa Types

Abstract Objectives: Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent of Staphylococcus. aureus widespread in hospitals and community acquired. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the common types of S. aureus strains circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results: Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSC mec type ІІІ. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. In this study, for the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are natives to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec ІІ, ІІІ and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is desirable. Keyword: Staphylococcus aureus , methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), SCCmec typing, spa typing

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CHARACTERISTICS, DETECTION AND TYPING METHODS OF COMMUNITY ACQUIRED METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (CA-MRSA) – A REVIEW

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine ◽

10.37268/mjphm/vol.17/no.3/art.231 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 27-37

Author(s):

Lia Natasha Amit ◽

Fong Siew Moy ◽

Daisy Vanitha John

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Molecular Typing ◽

Close Contact ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Type Iv ◽

Bacterial Chromosomes ◽

Typing Methods ◽

Mode Of Transmission ◽

Panton Valentine Leukocidin

Staphylococcus aureus aregram positive cocci which colonizethe skin and mucous membranes particularly the anterior nares. Prevalence of nosocomial infections associated with methicillin resistant S. aureus have been reported in hospitals (HA-MRSA) for over five decades. Recently,community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) has emerged as a cause of skin and soft tissue infections in healthy individuals. These strains are sensitive to antimicrobials, carry genes for Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin and belong to the staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec type IV or V. The suspected mode of transmission involves close contact with carriers leading to skin or nasal colonization that resultin subsequent active infection. Molecular typing is used to determine the mode of transmission of CA-MRSA in the community.General typing methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and specific methods for Staphylococci such as SCCmec typing and spa typing have the capability to characterize bacterial chromosomes and mobile genetic elements. Combination of these molecular typing methods is necessary as each method has its own advantages with respect to discriminatory power, rapidity, cost effectiveness, reproducibility, and ease of performance.

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Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran.

10.21203/rs.2.10702/v3 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

zahra hashemizadeh ◽

nahal hadi ◽

samane mohebi ◽

davood kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽

abdolla bazargani

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Sccmec Typing ◽

Tertiary Hospitals ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽

Spa Types

Abstract Objectives: Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent of Staphylococcus. aureus widespread in hospitals and community acquired. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the common types of S. aureus strains circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results: Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSC mec type ІІІ. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. In this study, for the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are natives to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec ІІ, ІІІ and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is desirable. Keyword: Staphylococcus aureus , methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), SCCmec typing, spa typing

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Spa typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Specimens from Outpatients in Iraq

Polish Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.33073/pjm-2021-007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 79-85

Author(s):

KHAIRALLAH A.S. MOHAMMED ◽

ZAHRAA H. ABDULKAREEM ◽

AYOOB R. ALZAALAN ◽

AMEL K. YAQOOB

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Genetic Relatedness ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Vitek 2 ◽

Species Specific ◽

Spa Types

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is notorious as a hospital superbug and a problematic pathogen among communities. The incidence of MRSA has substantially increased over time in Iraq. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and spa types of MRSA isolates from outpatients or patients upon admission into hospitals. Various biochemical tests identified S. aureus isolates, and then this identification was confirmed by PCR using species-specific 16S rRNA primer pairs. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined against methicillin, oxacillin, and vancomycin using the disk diffusion method. Vancomycin MIC was detected by VITEK 2 compact system. All the identified isolates were screened for the presence of mecA and lukS-PV-lukF-PV genes; 36 of them were subjected to spa typing-based PCR. Out of 290 clinical samples, 65 (22.4%) were S. aureus, of which 62 (95.4%) strains were resistant to oxacillin and methicillin. Except for two isolates, all MRSA isolates were mecA positive. One of the three MSSA isolates was mecA positive. Five strains were resistant to vancomycin. Fourteen (21.5%) isolates were positive for the presence of lukS-PV-lukF-PV genes. Spa typing of 36 S. aureus isolates revealed eleven different spa types, t304 (30.3%), t307 (19.4%), t346 (8.3%), t044 (8.3%), t15595 (8.3%), t386 (5.5%), t5475 (5.5%), t17928 (2.8%), t14870 (2.8%), t021 (2.8%), and t024 (2.8%). These findings could be useful for assessing the genetic relatedness of strains in the region for epidemiological and monitoring purposes, which would be essential to limiting the spread of MRSA.

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Genetic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Human Bloodstream Infections: Detection of MLSB Resistance

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9070375 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 375

Author(s):

Vanessa Silva ◽

Sara Hermenegildo ◽

Catarina Ferreira ◽

Célia M. Manaia ◽

Rosa Capita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Accessory Gene ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant

In this study we aimed to characterize antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from bloodstream infections as well as the associated genetic lineages of the isolates. Sixteen MRSA isolates were recovered from bacteremia samples from inpatients between 2016 and 2019. The antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates was tested by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. To determine the macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance phenotype of the isolates, erythromycin-resistant isolates were assessed by double-disk diffusion (D-test). The resistance and virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing, and accessory gene regulator (agr) typing. Isolates showed resistance to cefoxitin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, clindamycin, and aminoglycosides, confirmed by the presence of the blaZ, ermA, ermC, mphC, msrA/B, aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2’’)-Ia, and ant(4’)-Ia genes. Three isolates were Panton–Valentine-leukocidin-positive. Most strains (n = 12) presented an inducible MLSB phenotype. The isolates were ascribed to eight spa-types (t747, t002, t020, t1084, t008, t10682, t18526, and t1370) and four MLSTs (ST22, ST5, ST105, and ST8). Overall, most (n = 12) MRSA isolates had a multidrug-resistance profile with inducible MLSB phenotypes and belonged to epidemic MRSA clones.

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Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Purulent Subcutaneous Lesions of Farm Rabbits

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9040439 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 439 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vanessa Silva ◽

Telma de Sousa ◽

Paula Gómez ◽

Carolina Sabença ◽

Madalena Vieira-Pinto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Resistance To Penicillin ◽

Mrsa Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are one of the main pathogens associated with purulent infections. MRSA clonal complex 97 (CC97) has been identified in a wide diversity of livestock animals. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles of MRSA strains isolated from purulent lesions of food-producing rabbits. Samples from purulent lesions of 66 rabbits were collected in a slaughterhouse in Portugal. Samples were seeded onto ORSAB plates with 2 mg/L of oxacillin for MRSA isolation. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of resistance genes, virulence factors and the immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was studied by polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), agr and spa typing. From the 66 samples analyzed, 16 (24.2%) MRSA were detected. All strains were classified as multidrug-resistant as they were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. All isolates showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Seven isolates were resistant to gentamicin and harbored the aac(6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia gene. Resistance to tetracycline was detected in 10 isolates harboring the tet(K) gene. The IEC genes were detected in three isolates. MRSA strains belonged to CC97, CC1, CC5, CC15 or CC22. The isolates were assigned to six different spa types. In this study we found a moderate prevalence of multidrug-resistant MRSA strains in food-producing rabbits. This may represent concern for food safety and public health, since cross-contamination may occur, leading to the spread of MRSA and, eventually, the possibility of ingestion of contaminated meat.

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Bacteriological Profile of Organisms Isolated from Patients with Conjunctivitis in Katihar, Bihar

Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences ◽

10.14260/jemds/2021/230 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (15) ◽

pp. 1079-1082

Author(s):

Priya Sinha ◽

Sangeeta Dey ◽

Aninda Sen ◽

Kahkashan Akhter ◽

Alok Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Bacterial Conjunctivitis ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

In Vitro Susceptibility ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Medical College

BACKGROUND Conjunctivitis is one of the most common nontraumatic eye complaints and is one of the most frequently reported diseases in the outpatient and emergency departments. Bacterial conjunctivitis has been reported as one of the most common type of infectious conjunctivitis after viral infections. It is also considered as the primary cause of acute conjunctivitis in children. This study was conducted to isolate and identify organisms causing bacterial conjunctivitis and to determine their in vitro susceptibility or resistance. METHODS This descriptive study was conducted in the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology at Katihar Medical College from December 2018 to May 2020. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from 175 patients using structured questionnaire. External ocular specimens were collected using sterile swabs and inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey’s agar and chocolate agar. Presumptive isolates were further identified by a series of biochemical tests. All isolated organisms were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility against various antibiotics using the Kirby-Baur disk diffusion method. RESULTS A total of 175 samples were collected, out of which, 62.8 % (110 / 175) showed growth of bacteria. Maximum cases of bacterial conjunctivitis were seen in the age group 11 - 20 years. The male to female ratio was 2.7:1. Maximum frequency of bacterial conjunctivitis was observed from May to September. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria isolate 65.5 % (72 / 110) followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis 19.1 % (21 / 110). Most of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were found to be sensitive to moxifloxacin 98.6 % (71 / 72) and gentamicin 95.8 % (69 / 72). 25 % (18 / 72) of Staphylococcus aureus strains were found to be resistant to cefoxitin and were considered as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Maximum numbers of gram-negative strains were sensitive to moxifloxacin 100.0 % (9 / 9) followed by tobramycin 88.9 % (8 / 9). Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed maximum sensitivity to moxifloxacin 100.0 (8 / 8) followed by ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin 62.5 % (5 / 8). CONCLUSIONS This study provides an insight into the organisms isolated from cases of bacterial conjunctivitis in Katihar District of Bihar. Determining the susceptibility pattern of these pathogens to available antibiotics is crucial for effective management of bacterial conjunctivitis especially when treatment has to be given empirically. KEY WORDS Bacterial Conjunctivitis, Antibiogram

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Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk produced by smallholder dairy farmers in Mbeya Region, Tanzania

International Journal of One Health ◽

10.14202/ijoh.2019.31-37 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 31-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. F. Massawe ◽

R. H. Mdegela ◽

L. R. Kurwijila

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Value Chain ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Testing ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Inappropriate Use

Aim: The study determined and evaluated the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk collected along the milk value chain from farm herds, milk collection center, and milk shops in Mbeya rural and Mbozi districts, Tanzania. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 milk samples were collected; 96 from farmers' herds, 18 from milk collection centers, and 36 from milk shops. The samples were cultured in Mannitol salt agar for pathogen isolation and biochemical tests performed for confirmation of S. aureus. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was employed for antibiotic resistance testing. Results: One hundred and forty samples yielded Staphylococcus species; these were from farmer's herd (92), milk collection center (18), and milk shops (30), respectively. Biochemical tests showed that 21 (15%) were positive for S. aureus. The corresponding prevalence rates from the value chain nodes were 14.1%, 16.7%, and 16.7%, respectively. Resistance to penicillin was frequently observed (57.1%) and vancomycin was sensitive to all S. aureus isolates tested. Resistance along the sampling points showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.82, p<0.0001; r=0.65, p<0.003; and r=0.61, p<0.01) between farmers, milk collection points, and milk shops, respectively. More than half (57.1%) of the isolates exhibited resistance to three or more of the antibiotics used in this study. S. aureus isolates were shown to have a multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns, particularly with respect to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Conclusion: The level of staphylococcal isolates and the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus found in this study is an indication of subclinical mastitis, poor hygiene, and inappropriate use of antibiotics; therefore, education of farmers on subclinical mastitis control and proper use of antibiotics would be of benefits in these areas.

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