Bacteriological Profile of Organisms Isolated from Patients with Conjunctivitis in Katihar, Bihar

BACKGROUND Conjunctivitis is one of the most common nontraumatic eye complaints and is one of the most frequently reported diseases in the outpatient and emergency departments. Bacterial conjunctivitis has been reported as one of the most common type of infectious conjunctivitis after viral infections. It is also considered as the primary cause of acute conjunctivitis in children. This study was conducted to isolate and identify organisms causing bacterial conjunctivitis and to determine their in vitro susceptibility or resistance. METHODS This descriptive study was conducted in the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology at Katihar Medical College from December 2018 to May 2020. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from 175 patients using structured questionnaire. External ocular specimens were collected using sterile swabs and inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey’s agar and chocolate agar. Presumptive isolates were further identified by a series of biochemical tests. All isolated organisms were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility against various antibiotics using the Kirby-Baur disk diffusion method. RESULTS A total of 175 samples were collected, out of which, 62.8 % (110 / 175) showed growth of bacteria. Maximum cases of bacterial conjunctivitis were seen in the age group 11 - 20 years. The male to female ratio was 2.7:1. Maximum frequency of bacterial conjunctivitis was observed from May to September. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria isolate 65.5 % (72 / 110) followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis 19.1 % (21 / 110). Most of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were found to be sensitive to moxifloxacin 98.6 % (71 / 72) and gentamicin 95.8 % (69 / 72). 25 % (18 / 72) of Staphylococcus aureus strains were found to be resistant to cefoxitin and were considered as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Maximum numbers of gram-negative strains were sensitive to moxifloxacin 100.0 % (9 / 9) followed by tobramycin 88.9 % (8 / 9). Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed maximum sensitivity to moxifloxacin 100.0 (8 / 8) followed by ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin 62.5 % (5 / 8). CONCLUSIONS This study provides an insight into the organisms isolated from cases of bacterial conjunctivitis in Katihar District of Bihar. Determining the susceptibility pattern of these pathogens to available antibiotics is crucial for effective management of bacterial conjunctivitis especially when treatment has to be given empirically. KEY WORDS Bacterial Conjunctivitis, Antibiogram

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Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran

BMC Research Notes ◽

10.1186/s13104-019-4627-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zahra Hashemizadeh ◽

Nahal Hadi ◽

Samane Mohebi ◽

Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽

Abdollah Bazargani

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Tertiary Hospitals ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽

Susceptibility Tests ◽

Spa Types

Abstract Objectives Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent Staphylococcus aureus widespread in hospitals and communities. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the most common types of S. aureus strain circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSCmec type III. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. For the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported in this study. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are native to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec II, III and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is necessary.

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Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran.

10.21203/rs.2.10702/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

zahra hashemizadeh ◽

nahal hadi ◽

samane mohebi ◽

davood kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽

abdolla bazargani

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Sccmec Typing ◽

Tertiary Hospitals ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽

Spa Types

Abstract Objectives: Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent of Staphylococcus. aureus widespread in hospitals and community acquired. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the common types of S. aureus strains circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results: Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSC mec type ІІІ. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. In this study, for the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are natives to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec ІІ, ІІІ and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is desirable. Keyword: Staphylococcus aureus , methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), SCCmec typing, spa typing

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Antibacterial of Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) Essential Oil Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Jurnal Medik Veteriner ◽

10.20473/jmv.vol4.iss1.2021.56-62 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 56

Author(s):

Shinta Levea Ni'matul Fadlilah ◽

Mustofa Helmi Effendi ◽

Wiwiek Tyasningsih ◽

Lucia Tri Suwanti ◽

Jola Rahmahani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Cinnamon Bark ◽

Cinnamomum Burmannii

This study aimed to determine the in vitro antibacterial activities of essential oil from cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmannii) on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from raw milk. Essential oil from cinnamon bark obtained from the steam distillation method and essential oil was made in a series dilution with a concentration of 1%, 2%, 4%, and 8%. The antibacterial activities were tested using the disk diffusion method. Results showed from five isolates of MRSA, one isolate was sensitive of essential oil with a concentration 2% and all of the isolate was sensitive with a concentration 4% and 8%. The antibacterial activity showed by inhibition zones on MRSA. The results suggest that the activity of the essential oils of cinnamon bark has an antibacterial effect on MRSA and it is developed as phytopharmaca.

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Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran.

10.21203/rs.2.10702/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

zahra hashemizadeh ◽

nahal hadi ◽

samane mohebi ◽

davood kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽

abdolla bazargani

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Sccmec Typing ◽

Tertiary Hospitals ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽

Spa Types

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Molecular Typing of Hospital-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Isfahan, Iran

International Scholarly Research Notices ◽

10.1155/2014/185272 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Seyed Asghar Havaei ◽

Fahimeh Ghanbari ◽

Ali Asghar Rastegari ◽

Amir Azimian ◽

Farzad Khademi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Molecular Typing ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Spa Typing ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Type Iv ◽

Typing Methods ◽

Hospital Acquired ◽

Spa Type

Background. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most common pathogens that cause hospital- and community-acquired infections in the world. The use of molecular typing methods is essential for determining the origin of the strains, their clonal relations, and also in epidemiological investigations. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus isolates and using spa, agr, and SCCmec typing to determine the dominant types in Iran. Material and Method. Fifty isolates of S. aureus were collected from January to May 2010. S. aureus identification was performed by biochemical tests. Disk diffusion method was employed to assess the sensitivity of S. aureus strains to antibiotics and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec, agr, and spa typing. Results. S. aureus resistance to tetracycline, cefoxitin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, Cot: cotrimoxazole, levofloxacin, rifampin, and vancomycin were found to be 36%, 18%, 12%, 12%, 22%, 6%, 6%, and 0%, respectively. The results of this study showed that 16% of the isolates were resistant to methicillin (MRSA) and the majority of isolates were SSC mec type IV. In addition spa and agr typing revealed agr typeI and spa type t7688 to be the most predominant. Conclusion. In this study, spa typing showed 100% reliability and the t7688 spa type had a frequency of 26% compared to the frequency of 0.0% in the Ridom SpaServer. The frequency of t304 spa type was higher than the global average.

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PERBEDAAN ZONA HAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN Staphylococcus aureus PADA BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI REBUSAN DAUN SALAM (Syzygium polyanthum) SECARA IN VITRO

Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory ◽

10.33992/m.v5i2.138 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nyoman Mastra

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Growth Inhibition ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Growth Inhibition Zone ◽

Significant Difference

AbstractBackground Staphylococcus aureus is one of causes infection and this bacteria have been resistence for many antibiotic. Bay leaf have antibacterials substance, which stew leaves can be treat infection caused Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations of water stew of bay leaf.Method The method of this study is true experiment with posstest only control design, and used Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method with various concentrations of water stewed of bay leaf (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,100%), positive control (chloramfenicol 30 μg) and negative control (sterile distilled water). Result The result showed that the average diameter of inhibition zone in concentration 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% is 7 mm, 8,4 mm, 9,6 mm, 10,5 mm and 11,5 mm. Based on statistical analysis using oneway ANOVA available the value of p (0,000) α (0,05), so the inhibition zone is significant difference of growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations of stewed water bay leaf. Conclusion Water stew of bay leaf can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, and there are differences in growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations of water stew of bay leaf. Keywords: stew of bay leaf; Staphylococcus aureus; inhibition zone

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MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATIONS OF VANCOMYCIN AND DAPTOMYCINAGAINST METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM VARIOUS CLINICAL SPECIMENS

10.36106/ijsr/6920954 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 18-20

Author(s):

Manish Kumar Purbey ◽

Sanjan Sanju ◽

R. S. Prasad ◽

Debarshi Jana

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Specimens ◽

Medical College ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ◽

Study Results ◽

Vancomycin Mics ◽

Mrsa Strains

Background Staphylococci are Gram-positive cocci arranged in clusters. They are colonized in humans and animals. Also, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is frequently associated with various superficial to deep-seated infections in humans. Due to the potential for easy transmission, Staphylococci are associated with both hospital-acquired and community-associated infections. Strains of S. aureus resistant to methicillin (MRSA) pose treatment challenges. In such cases, vancomycin isthe treatment of choice. Due to the indiscriminate use of vancomycin, recently, we are seeing the emergence of vancomycin-intermediate sensitive S. aureus (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). The present study aims to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of vancomycin and daptomycin among MRSA strains isolated from human clinical specimens Methods The study included 115 MRSA isolates collected over 24 months from October 2018 to September 2020. The strains were isolated from pus, urine, wound swabs, catheters, blood, and sputum. The bacteria were acquired from different inpatient and outpatient departments of Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital (DMCH), Laheriasrai, Bihar. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method using cefoxitin was used to confirm the MRSA isolates. The agar dilution and the Epsilometer method (E-test) were used to test the MICs of MRSA isolates against vancomycin and daptomycin, respectively, by the standard procedures recommended by the clinical laboratory standards institute (CLSI). Results Of the 115 S. aureus isolates, seven (6.08%) strains were resistant to vancomycin (VRSA) and 53 (46.08%) were found to be VISA using the new CLSI breakpoints. The MIC of the daptomycin was found to be ≤1 µg/ml for all the MRSA isolates. Conclusion The study results depicted an increasing trend in the vancomycin MICs among the MRSA isolates. Several tested strains show MICs in the intermediate sensitive range (VISA). The daptomycin was effective against all the MRSA isolates.

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Levonadifloxacin: A Novel Approved Drug Exhibiting Potent In vitro Activity against Gram Positive Bacterial Isolates from Patients Admitted in Intensive Care Units

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2021/49986.15132 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tasneem Siddiqui ◽

Rafat Shamim ◽

Sangram Singh Patel ◽

Chinmoy Sahu

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Intensive Care Units ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Methicillin Resistant

Introduction: Levonadifloxacin is a novel antibiotic belonging to the benzoquinolizine subclass of fluoroquinolone with potent activity against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Quinolone Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (QRSA). Both intravenous levonadifloxacin and its oral formulation have recently been approved in India for the treatment of acute bacterial skin related infections. Aim: To assess the activity of levonadifloxacin against gram positive clinical isolates collected from Intensive Care Units (ICUs) using the disk-diffusion method. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive study where non duplicate isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and other gram positive isolates from various clinical samples from all Intensive Care Units (ICUs) were collected from June to December 2020 and subjected to levonadifloxacin susceptibility testing (disk diffusion method) as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, 2020. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 25.0. Results: A total of 142 gram positive clinical isolates collected from all ICUs of the hospital were analysed. These isolates included coagulase negative S. aureus 109 (76.8%), S. aureus 21 (14.8%) and Enterococcus faecalis 12 (8.4%). All the gram positive isolates of the study were susceptible to levonadifloxacin as per the prespecified interpretive criteria identified based on population pharmacokinetic model and Monte Carlo simulation enabled probability of pharmacodynamic target attainment analysis. Conclusion: Results of this in vitro study shows good activity of levonadifloxacin against gram positive isolates including difficult to-treat methicillin resistant staphylococcal isolates collected from ICU patients.

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PERBEDAAN ZONA HAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN Staphylococcus aureus PADA BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BIDURI SECARA IN VITRO

Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory ◽

10.33992/m.v6i1.227 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nyoman Mastra

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Growth Inhibition ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Growth Inhibition Zone ◽

The Difference

ABSTRACTBackground Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacteria that can cause infection. Biduri leaf has antibacterial compound such as tannin, flavonoid, saponin, and polyphenol.Objective This study aimed to know the difference of growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at the various concentration of ethanol extract of biduri leaf and to determine an effective concentration.Methods This study was the true experiment with posttest only control design, used Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method with five concentrations (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,100%), positive control (chloramphenicol 30 µg) and negative control (ethanol 96%).Result The result of this study showed the average of inhibition zone diameter of each concentration consecutively 26,2 mm, 28,3 mm, 29,7 mm, 31 mm and 31,5 mm. One Way Anova statistic analysis showed that the value of p is 0.000 so there is the difference of growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations of ethanol extract of a biduri leaf.Conclusion The conclusion of this study is there are differences in growth inhibition zone of Staphylococcus aureus at various concentrations of ethanol extract of biduri leaf and an effective concentration that can inhibit of Staphylococcus aureus is concentration 20% with mean inhibition zone is 26,2 mm. Keywords: ethanol extract of biduri leaf; Staphylococcus aureus; inhibition zone

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Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk produced by smallholder dairy farmers in Mbeya Region, Tanzania

International Journal of One Health ◽

10.14202/ijoh.2019.31-37 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 31-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. F. Massawe ◽

R. H. Mdegela ◽

L. R. Kurwijila

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Value Chain ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Testing ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Inappropriate Use

Aim: The study determined and evaluated the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk collected along the milk value chain from farm herds, milk collection center, and milk shops in Mbeya rural and Mbozi districts, Tanzania. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 milk samples were collected; 96 from farmers' herds, 18 from milk collection centers, and 36 from milk shops. The samples were cultured in Mannitol salt agar for pathogen isolation and biochemical tests performed for confirmation of S. aureus. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was employed for antibiotic resistance testing. Results: One hundred and forty samples yielded Staphylococcus species; these were from farmer's herd (92), milk collection center (18), and milk shops (30), respectively. Biochemical tests showed that 21 (15%) were positive for S. aureus. The corresponding prevalence rates from the value chain nodes were 14.1%, 16.7%, and 16.7%, respectively. Resistance to penicillin was frequently observed (57.1%) and vancomycin was sensitive to all S. aureus isolates tested. Resistance along the sampling points showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.82, p<0.0001; r=0.65, p<0.003; and r=0.61, p<0.01) between farmers, milk collection points, and milk shops, respectively. More than half (57.1%) of the isolates exhibited resistance to three or more of the antibiotics used in this study. S. aureus isolates were shown to have a multiple antimicrobial resistance patterns, particularly with respect to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Conclusion: The level of staphylococcal isolates and the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus found in this study is an indication of subclinical mastitis, poor hygiene, and inappropriate use of antibiotics; therefore, education of farmers on subclinical mastitis control and proper use of antibiotics would be of benefits in these areas.

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