scholarly journals Spa typing of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Specimens from Outpatients in Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
KHAIRALLAH A.S. MOHAMMED ◽  
ZAHRAA H. ABDULKAREEM ◽  
AYOOB R. ALZAALAN ◽  
AMEL K. YAQOOB
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Vitek 2 ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Spa Types

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is notorious as a hospital superbug and a problematic pathogen among communities. The incidence of MRSA has substantially increased over time in Iraq. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and spa types of MRSA isolates from outpatients or patients upon admission into hospitals. Various biochemical tests identified S. aureus isolates, and then this identification was confirmed by PCR using species-specific 16S rRNA primer pairs. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined against methicillin, oxacillin, and vancomycin using the disk diffusion method. Vancomycin MIC was detected by VITEK 2 compact system. All the identified isolates were screened for the presence of mecA and lukS-PV-lukF-PV genes; 36 of them were subjected to spa typing-based PCR. Out of 290 clinical samples, 65 (22.4%) were S. aureus, of which 62 (95.4%) strains were resistant to oxacillin and methicillin. Except for two isolates, all MRSA isolates were mecA positive. One of the three MSSA isolates was mecA positive. Five strains were resistant to vancomycin. Fourteen (21.5%) isolates were positive for the presence of lukS-PV-lukF-PV genes. Spa typing of 36 S. aureus isolates revealed eleven different spa types, t304 (30.3%), t307 (19.4%), t346 (8.3%), t044 (8.3%), t15595 (8.3%), t386 (5.5%), t5475 (5.5%), t17928 (2.8%), t14870 (2.8%), t021 (2.8%), and t024 (2.8%). These findings could be useful for assessing the genetic relatedness of strains in the region for epidemiological and monitoring purposes, which would be essential to limiting the spread of MRSA.

scholarly journals Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Hashemizadeh ◽  
Nahal Hadi ◽  
Samane Mohebi ◽  
Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽  
Abdollah Bazargani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Spa Types

Abstract Objectives Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent Staphylococcus aureus widespread in hospitals and communities. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the most common types of S. aureus strain circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSCmec type III. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. For the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported in this study. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are native to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec II, III and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is necessary.

scholarly journals Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
zahra hashemizadeh ◽  
nahal hadi ◽  
samane mohebi ◽  
davood kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽  
abdolla bazargani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Sccmec Typing ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Spa Types

Abstract Objectives: Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent of Staphylococcus. aureus widespread in hospitals and community acquired. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the common types of S. aureus strains circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results: Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSC mec type ІІІ. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. In this study, for the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are natives to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec ІІ, ІІІ and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is desirable. Keyword: Staphylococcus aureus , methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), SCCmec typing, spa typing

scholarly journals Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
zahra hashemizadeh ◽  
nahal hadi ◽  
samane mohebi ◽  
davood kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽  
abdolla bazargani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Sccmec Typing ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Spa Types

Abstract Objectives: Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent of Staphylococcus. aureus widespread in hospitals and community acquired. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the common types of S. aureus strains circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results: Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSC mec type ІІІ. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. In this study, for the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are natives to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec ІІ, ІІІ and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is desirable. Keyword: Staphylococcus aureus , methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), SCCmec typing, spa typing

scholarly journals Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
zahra hashemizadeh ◽  
nahal hadi ◽  
samane mohebi ◽  
davood kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽  
abdolla bazargani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Sccmec Typing ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Spa Types

Abstract Objectives: Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent of Staphylococcus. aureus widespread in hospitals and community acquired. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the common types of S. aureus strains circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results: Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSC mec type ІІІ. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. In this study, for the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are natives to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec ІІ, ІІІ and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is desirable. Keyword: Staphylococcus aureus , methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), SCCmec typing, spa typing

scholarly journals Molecular Typing of Hospital-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Isfahan, Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Asghar Havaei ◽  
Fahimeh Ghanbari ◽  
Ali Asghar Rastegari ◽  
Amir Azimian ◽  
Farzad Khademi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Typing Methods ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Spa Type

Background. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most common pathogens that cause hospital- and community-acquired infections in the world. The use of molecular typing methods is essential for determining the origin of the strains, their clonal relations, and also in epidemiological investigations. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus isolates and using spa, agr, and SCCmec typing to determine the dominant types in Iran. Material and Method. Fifty isolates of S. aureus were collected from January to May 2010. S. aureus identification was performed by biochemical tests. Disk diffusion method was employed to assess the sensitivity of S. aureus strains to antibiotics and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec, agr, and spa typing. Results. S. aureus resistance to tetracycline, cefoxitin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, Cot: cotrimoxazole, levofloxacin, rifampin, and vancomycin were found to be 36%, 18%, 12%, 12%, 22%, 6%, 6%, and 0%, respectively. The results of this study showed that 16% of the isolates were resistant to methicillin (MRSA) and the majority of isolates were SSC mec type IV. In addition spa and agr typing revealed agr typeI and spa type t7688 to be the most predominant. Conclusion. In this study, spa typing showed 100% reliability and the t7688 spa type had a frequency of 26% compared to the frequency of 0.0% in the Ridom SpaServer. The frequency of t304 spa type was higher than the global average.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Human Bloodstream Infections: Detection of MLSB Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Sara Hermenegildo ◽  
Catarina Ferreira ◽  
Célia M. Manaia ◽  
Rosa Capita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Accessory Gene ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

In this study we aimed to characterize antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from bloodstream infections as well as the associated genetic lineages of the isolates. Sixteen MRSA isolates were recovered from bacteremia samples from inpatients between 2016 and 2019. The antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates was tested by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. To determine the macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance phenotype of the isolates, erythromycin-resistant isolates were assessed by double-disk diffusion (D-test). The resistance and virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing, and accessory gene regulator (agr) typing. Isolates showed resistance to cefoxitin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, fusidic acid, clindamycin, and aminoglycosides, confirmed by the presence of the blaZ, ermA, ermC, mphC, msrA/B, aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2’’)-Ia, and ant(4’)-Ia genes. Three isolates were Panton–Valentine-leukocidin-positive. Most strains (n = 12) presented an inducible MLSB phenotype. The isolates were ascribed to eight spa-types (t747, t002, t020, t1084, t008, t10682, t18526, and t1370) and four MLSTs (ST22, ST5, ST105, and ST8). Overall, most (n = 12) MRSA isolates had a multidrug-resistance profile with inducible MLSB phenotypes and belonged to epidemic MRSA clones.

scholarly journals Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Purulent Subcutaneous Lesions of Farm Rabbits

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva ◽  
Telma de Sousa ◽  
Paula Gómez ◽  
Carolina Sabença ◽  
Madalena Vieira-Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are one of the main pathogens associated with purulent infections. MRSA clonal complex 97 (CC97) has been identified in a wide diversity of livestock animals. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles of MRSA strains isolated from purulent lesions of food-producing rabbits. Samples from purulent lesions of 66 rabbits were collected in a slaughterhouse in Portugal. Samples were seeded onto ORSAB plates with 2 mg/L of oxacillin for MRSA isolation. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested by the disk diffusion method against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of resistance genes, virulence factors and the immune evasion cluster (IEC) system was studied by polymerase chain reaction. All isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), agr and spa typing. From the 66 samples analyzed, 16 (24.2%) MRSA were detected. All strains were classified as multidrug-resistant as they were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. All isolates showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and clindamycin. Seven isolates were resistant to gentamicin and harbored the aac(6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia gene. Resistance to tetracycline was detected in 10 isolates harboring the tet(K) gene. The IEC genes were detected in three isolates. MRSA strains belonged to CC97, CC1, CC5, CC15 or CC22. The isolates were assigned to six different spa types. In this study we found a moderate prevalence of multidrug-resistant MRSA strains in food-producing rabbits. This may represent concern for food safety and public health, since cross-contamination may occur, leading to the spread of MRSA and, eventually, the possibility of ingestion of contaminated meat.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Molecular Analysis ofStaphylococcus aureusClinical Isolates from Hospitalized Patients

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Karmakar ◽  
Parimal Dua ◽  
Chandradipa Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
High Level ◽  
Gelatin Hydrolysis

Staphylococcus aureusis opportunistic human as well as animal pathogen that causes a variety of diseases. A total of 100Staphylococcus aureusisolates were obtained from clinical samples derived from hospitalized patients. The presumptiveStaphylococcus aureusclinical isolates were identified phenotypically by different biochemical tests. Molecular identification was done by PCR using species specific 16S rRNA primer pairs and finally 100 isolates were found to be positive asStaphylococcus aureus. Screened isolates were further analyzed by several microbiological diagnostics tests including gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase tests. It was found that 78%, 81%, and 51% isolates were positive for gelatin hydrolysis, protease, and lipase activities, respectively. Antibiogram analysis of isolatedStaphylococcus aureusstrains with respect to different antimicrobial agents revealed resistance pattern ranging from 57 to 96%. Our study also shows 70% strains to be MRSA, 54.3% as VRSA, and 54.3% as both MRSA and VRSA. All the identified isolates were subjected to detection ofmecA,nuc, andhlbgenes and 70%, 84%, and 40% were found to harbourmecA,nuc, andhlbgenes, respectively. The current investigation is highly important and informative for the high level multidrug resistantStaphylococcus aureusinfections inclusive also of methicillin and vancomycin.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Profile of Organisms Isolated from Patients with Conjunctivitis in Katihar, Bihar

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 1079-1082
Author(s):  
Priya Sinha ◽  
Sangeeta Dey ◽  
Aninda Sen ◽  
Kahkashan Akhter ◽  
Alok Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Bacterial Conjunctivitis ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Medical College

BACKGROUND Conjunctivitis is one of the most common nontraumatic eye complaints and is one of the most frequently reported diseases in the outpatient and emergency departments. Bacterial conjunctivitis has been reported as one of the most common type of infectious conjunctivitis after viral infections. It is also considered as the primary cause of acute conjunctivitis in children. This study was conducted to isolate and identify organisms causing bacterial conjunctivitis and to determine their in vitro susceptibility or resistance. METHODS This descriptive study was conducted in the Departments of Ophthalmology and Microbiology at Katihar Medical College from December 2018 to May 2020. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from 175 patients using structured questionnaire. External ocular specimens were collected using sterile swabs and inoculated on blood agar, MacConkey’s agar and chocolate agar. Presumptive isolates were further identified by a series of biochemical tests. All isolated organisms were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility against various antibiotics using the Kirby-Baur disk diffusion method. RESULTS A total of 175 samples were collected, out of which, 62.8 % (110 / 175) showed growth of bacteria. Maximum cases of bacterial conjunctivitis were seen in the age group 11 - 20 years. The male to female ratio was 2.7:1. Maximum frequency of bacterial conjunctivitis was observed from May to September. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria isolate 65.5 % (72 / 110) followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis 19.1 % (21 / 110). Most of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were found to be sensitive to moxifloxacin 98.6 % (71 / 72) and gentamicin 95.8 % (69 / 72). 25 % (18 / 72) of Staphylococcus aureus strains were found to be resistant to cefoxitin and were considered as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Maximum numbers of gram-negative strains were sensitive to moxifloxacin 100.0 % (9 / 9) followed by tobramycin 88.9 % (8 / 9). Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed maximum sensitivity to moxifloxacin 100.0 (8 / 8) followed by ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin 62.5 % (5 / 8). CONCLUSIONS This study provides an insight into the organisms isolated from cases of bacterial conjunctivitis in Katihar District of Bihar. Determining the susceptibility pattern of these pathogens to available antibiotics is crucial for effective management of bacterial conjunctivitis especially when treatment has to be given empirically. KEY WORDS Bacterial Conjunctivitis, Antibiogram

scholarly journals spa typing and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus from healthy humans, pigs and dogs in Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Sekemani Katakweba ◽  
Amandus Pachificus Muhairwa ◽  
Carmen Espinosa-Gongora ◽  
Luca Guardabassi ◽  
Madundo M A Mtambo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
Spa Types

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen causing infections in humans and animals. Here we report for the first time the prevalence of nasal carriage, spa typing and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus in a Tanzanian livestock community. Methodology: Nasal swabs were taken from 100 humans, 100 pigs and 100 dogs in Morogoro Municipal. Each swab was enriched in Mueller Hinton broth with 6.5% NaCl and subcultured on chromogenic agar for S. aureus detection. Presumptive S. aureus colonies were confirmed to the species level by nuc PCR and analysed by spa typing. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined by disc diffusion method. Results: S. aureus was isolated from 22 % of humans, 4 % of pigs and 11 % of dogs. A total of 21 spa types were identified: 13, 7 and 1 in human, dogs, and pigs, respectively. Three spa types (t314, t223 and t084) were shared between humans and dogs. A novel spa type (t10779) was identified in an isolate recovered from a colonized human. Antimicrobials tested revealed resistance to ampicillin in all isolates, moderate resistances to other antimicrobials with tetracycline resistance being the most frequent. Conclusion: S. aureus carrier frequencies in dogs and humans were within the expected range and low in pigs. The S. aureus spa types circulating in the community were generally not shared by different hosts and majority of types belonged to known clones. Besides ampicillin resistance, moderate levels of antimicrobial resistance were observed irrespective of the host species from which the strains were isolated.

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