In Vitro Activity of Lawsonia inermis (Henna) on Some Pathogenic Fungi

The present study was conducted to investigate antifungal activity of Lawsonia inermis (Henna plant). Leaf samples of the plant were collected from Eastern Nile of Khartoum State, Sudan. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts were obtained by maceration (cold method). The extracts were bioassayed in vitro to know their bioactivity to inhibit the growth of tested fungi. The cup-plate agar diffusion method was adopted to assess the antifungal activity of the extracts against tested yeasts, while agar incorporated method was used for other molds. Both extracts revealed antifungal activity against all yeast strains except Pichia fabianii which was found resistant to both ethanol and ether extracts. The results displayed antifungal activity against tested fungi. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/mL was found to inhibit the growth of tested dermatophytes. The obtained results revealed antifungal activity of Henna leaves extracts which support the traditional use of Henna in therapy of fungal infections. The possibility of therapeutic use of Sudanese Henna as antifungal agent is recommended.

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Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Echinops kebericho Mesfin: An In Vitro Study

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/3101324 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Tamirat Bekele Beressa ◽

Serawit Deyno ◽

Paul E. Alele

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Standard Drug

Background. Echinops kebericho is an endemic medicinal plant in Ethiopia widely used in the treatment of infectious and noninfectious diseases. Essential oils are known for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, and antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the antifungal activity of essential oil from E. kebericho against four common pathogenic fungi and two standard strains. Methods. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation. The antifungal screening was done by agar well diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution. Minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were determined by subculturing fungal strains with no visible growth onto a Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plate. Results. Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans were highly sensitive while Aspergillus flavus did not show sensitivity up to 1 mg/ml of essential oil; MICs ranged from 0.083 mg/ml to 0.208 mg/ml. Concentration and fungal species showed significant dose-dependent associations ( p < 0.0001 ) with antifungal activity. The MICs of essential oil were comparable to those of the standard drug (fluconazole) against C. glabrata and C. krusei. The lowest MFC of the essential oil was observed against Candida parapsilosis (0.145 mg/ml) while the highest MFC was against Candida krusei (0.667 mg/ml). Conclusion. Echinops kebericho essential oil showed noteworthy antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata and could be a potential candidate for further antifungal drug development.

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In Vitro Activity of Thimerosal against Ocular Pathogenic Fungi

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00714-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 536-539 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Yan Xu ◽

Guangren Pang ◽

Dongqing Zhao ◽

Chuanwen Gao ◽

Lutan Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Amphotericin B ◽

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Vitro Activity ◽

In Vitro Activity ◽

Fungal Isolates

ABSTRACT The in vitro activity of thimerosal versus those of amphotericin B and natamycin was assessed against 244 ocular fungal isolates. The activity of thimerosal against Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Alternaria alternata was 256 times, 512 times, and 128 times, respectively, greater than that of natamycin and 64 times, 32 times, and 32 times, respectively, greater than that of amphotericin B. Thimerosal's antifungal activity was significantly superior to those of amphotericin B and natamycin against ocular pathogenic fungi in vitro.

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Antifungal action of chlorogenic acid against pathogenic fungi, mediated by membrane disruption

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1351/pac-con-09-01-08 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 219-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Woo Sang Sung ◽

Dong Gun Lee

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Membrane Dynamics ◽

Independent Manner ◽

Antifungal Action ◽

In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Chlorogenic acid is a polyphenol compound, derived from several fruit and plants. The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro antifungal activity of chlorogenic acid and its mode of action. The results indicate that chlorogenic acid exhibits antifungal activities against certain pathogenic fungi in an energy-independent manner, without any hemolytic effect on human erythrocytes. To elucidate the antifungal mode of action of chlorogenic acid, flow cytometry analysis by using DiBAC4(3) and changes in membrane dynamics using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were performed with Candida albicans. The results suggest that chlorogenic acid may exert antifungal activity by disrupting the structure of the cell membrane. It is demonstrated that chlorogenic acid is a valid lead compound for the development of bioactive alternatives for treatment of fungal infections.

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Secondary Metabolites Production by Actinomycetes and their Antifungal Activity

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v3i4.713 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 256 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tirta Kumala Dewi ◽

Dwi Agustiani ◽

Sarjiya Antonius

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Thin Layer Chromatography ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Wide Range ◽

Layer Chromatography

Wilt desease of banana caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (FOC) is one of the most destructive deseases of banana in the tropics. Actinomycetes are the most economically and biotechnologically valuable prokaryotes able to produce wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites. The aims of the present study are to isolate and screen the actinomycetes with high potential ability to produce secondary metabolites that have inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Two isolates from Lampung and Cianjur showed activity against fungi. The isolates designed as L.3.1 and CiIA5b. The metabolites from potent stain was produced by extraction of culture filtrate with ethyl acetate : methanol (4:1), it was tested for their antifungal activity by well diffusion method. Evidence for in vitro antibiosis of L.3.1 and CiIA5b isolates was demonstrated by the zone of fungal-growth inhibition. Production of secondary metabolites was analysis by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and bioautography assays. In this study, the metabolites from L.3.1 and CiIA5b have showed good antifungal activity.<div> Keywords: Actinomycetes; antifungal activity; bioautography; secondary metabolites; thin layer chromatography.</div>

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Synthesis of 7,3'-Epoxy-8,4'-Oxyneolignane-1’-Carboxylic Acid from Natural Eusiderin A and its Activity Against Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Current Organocatalysis ◽

10.2174/2213337206666190730144041 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 44-54

Author(s):

Muhaimin Muhaimin ◽

Syamsurizal Syamsurizal ◽

Madyawati Latief ◽

Rahmi Iskandar ◽

Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Carboxylic Acid ◽

Antifungal Agent ◽

Primary Alcohol ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Wacker Oxidation ◽

Strong Activity

Background: Eusiderin A is a neolignan derivate, which makes up the majority of the secondary metabolite of Eusideroxylon zwageri. It has been reported as a potent biopesticide and antifungal agent. Previous studies on the oxidation of terminal methylene of the allylic chain in Eusiderin A have been able to produce primary alcohol, pinacol, and an aldehyde which demonstrated strong activity against plant pathogenic fungi, therefore activity against dermal fungi needs to be studied. Objective: The current study aims to improve the hydrophilicity of Eusiderin A via oxidation of the allylic chain in order to derive a potent antifungal property. Methods: Transformation of Eusiderin A has been achieved by using the Wacker Oxidation Method in combination with the α-Hydroxylation-Ketone Method to produce 7,3’-epoxy-8,4’-oxyneolignane-1’- carboxylic acid. The structure of the 7,3’-epoxy-8,4’-oxyneolignane-1’-carboxylic acid was identified from spectroscopy data. The in vitro antifungal activity study was performed using the paper disc diffusion method against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Results: New molecule of natural Eusiderin A through the oxidation of the allylic chain to increase the hydrophilicity of Eusiderin A has been designed. Based on the observed UV, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and MS spectra, it can be stated that the 7,3’-epoxy-8,4’-oxyneolignane-1’-carboxylic acid has been formed. At a concentration of 50 ppm, this compound showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the 7,3’-epoxy-8,4’-oxyneolignane-1’-carboxylic acid is a potent antifungal agent as it is able to inhibit the Trichophyton mentagrophytes colonies growth.

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Antifungal Activity of Natural Compounds vs. Candida spp.: A Mixture of Cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol Shows Promising In Vitro Results

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics11010073 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Ilaria Maria Saracino ◽

Claudio Foschi ◽

Matteo Pavoni ◽

Renato Spigarelli ◽

Maria Chiara Valerii ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Synergistic Effect ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Natural Compounds ◽

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis ◽

Total Loss ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Candida Spp

Candida spp. are commensal organisms of the skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, blood, and vagina of animals and humans. In recent decades, the incidence of human fungal infections has increased, with Candida spp. (mainly C. albicans) infections being the most frequent, and the treatment of fungal infections is still a clinical challenge. Colonization of the human gastrointestinal tract by Candida spp. is significant because infections (e.g., candidemia and vulvovaginal candidiasis) frequently arise from commensal microorganisms. The aim of this study was to test in vitro the antifungal activity and the eventual synergistic effect of five pure components of essential oils: cinnamaldehyde, α-pinene, limonene, eucalyptol, and eugenol. These compounds were tested on 18 Candida strains (15 C. albicans, 2 C. glabrata, and 1 C. lusitaniae) derived from a culture collection of vaginal clinical strains. Methods: Fungistatic activity was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. For fungicidal activity, microdilution and time–kill curve protocols were set up. The checkerboard method was chosen to evaluate a possible synergistic effect of these compounds when mixed. Results: Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol gave the best results, inhibiting all the Candida strains and showing a highly additive effect (FICI 0.625). The cinnamaldehyde inhibition zone (IZ), MIC, and MFC means were 69 mm, 50.05 mg/L, and 109.26 mg/L respectively. Cinnamaldehyde led to the total loss of viable Candida cells within 4 h. Eugenol IZ, MIC, and MFC means were 35.2 mm, 455.42 mg/L, and 690.09 mg/L, respectively. Eugenol led to the total loss of viable fungal cells within 1 h. Treatment with α-pinene inhibited 88.9% of Candida strains, with an IZ mean of 21.2 mm, a MIC mean of 195.41 mg/L, and a MFC mean of 251.27 mg/L; this compound led to the total loss of viable fungal cells only after 24 h. Limonene inhibited only 33.3% of the tested strains and eucalyptol did not produce an inhibition halo, so these compounds were not tested further. Conclusions: These characteristics, together with the well-known safety of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol for human use, make these two natural compounds the perfect candidates for the treatment of candidiasis. This was a pilot study, the purpose of which was to evaluate the best composition of a mixture to be used against intestinal and vulvovaginal candidiasis; in vivo studies are needed to confirm these very encouraging results.

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Structural and Bioactivity Characterization of Filipin Derivatives from Engineered Streptomyces filipinensis Strains Reveals Clues for Reduced Haemolytic Action

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9070413 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 413

Author(s):

Eva G. Barreales ◽

Ángel Rumbero ◽

Tamara D. Payero ◽

Antonio de Pedro ◽

Ester Jambrina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

New Drugs ◽

Metabolic Intermediates ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Opportunistic Pathogenic

The rise in the number of immunocompromised patients has led to an increased incidence of fungal infections, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, misuse of antifungals has boosted the number of resistant strains to these agents; thus, there is urgent need for new drugs against these infections. Here, the in vitro antifungal activity of filipin III metabolic intermediates has been characterized against a battery of opportunistic pathogenic fungi—Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichosporon cutaneum, Trichosporon asahii, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus fumigatus—using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method. Structural characterization of these compounds was undertaken by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) following HPLC purification. Complete NMR assignments were obtained for the first time for filipins I and II. In vitro haemolytic assays revealed that the haemolytic action of these compounds relies largely on the presence of a hydroxyl function at C26, since derivatives lacking such moiety show remarkably reduced activity. Two of these derivatives, 1′-hydroxyfilipin I and filipin I, show decreased toxicity towards cholesterol-containing membranes while retaining potent antifungal activity, and could constitute excellent leads for the development of efficient pharmaceuticals, particularly against Cryptococcosis.

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In Vitro Antifungal and Topical Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Essential Oil from Wild-Growing Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae) Used for Medicinal Purposes in Algeria: A New Source of Carvacrol

Scientia Pharmaceutica ◽

10.3390/scipharm88030033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 88 (3) ◽

pp. 33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohamed Nadjib Boukhatem ◽

Noureldien H. E. Darwish ◽

Thangirala Sudha ◽

Siham Bahlouli ◽

Dahbia Kellou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Positive Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The aim of this study is to investigate the Thymus vulgaris essential oil (TVEO) as an antifungal agent in aromatherapy and/or as an active ingredient in the prevention or management of topical inflammatory diseases. The chemical composition of TVEO was determined with gas chromatography and revealed the presence of 25 compounds. Carvacrol was found to be the major component (56.8%). Antifungal action of TVEO was determined in vitro by using different methods. By the disc diffusion method, TVEO showed more potent antifungal activity against Candida strains than the positive control. The diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) varied from 34 to 60 mm for Candida yeasts. Significantly higher antifungal activity was observed in the vapor phase at lower quantities. Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis were the most susceptible strains to the oil vapor with DIZ varying from 35 to 90 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of yeast were determined with an agar dilution method and revealed that MIC varied from 0.3 to 0.15 µL/mL for yeast species. The topical anti-inflammatory potential of TVEO was also explored in vivo with the croton oil-induced ear edema assay. TVEO exhibited a potent anti-inflammatory effect at all doses (100, 10 and 2 mg/kg), which were statistically similar (p > 0.05) to the positive control. This activity was also confirmed at the cellular level with histopathology analysis. Our results suggest the potential application of this carvacrol-rich TVEO in the prevention and management of fungal infections and topical inflammation and deserve further investigation for clinical applications. Furthermore, while the mode of action remains mainly undetermined and should be studied.

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Antifungal activities of the rhizome extract of five member Zingiberaceae against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d220355 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Evy Prastiyanto ◽

NI’MATUR ROHMAH ◽

LESITA EFENDI ◽

RAHMATIA ARIFIN ◽

FANDHI ADI WARDOYO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Trichophyton Rubrum ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antifungal Activities

Abstract. Prastiyanto ME, Rohmah N, Efendi L, Arifin R, Wardoyo FA, Wilson W, Mukaromah AH, Dewi SS, Darmawati S. 2021. Antifungal activities of the rhizome extract of five member Zingiberaceae against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Biodiversitas 22: 1509-1513. Fungal infections have now become serious health issues. One of the strategies to avoid the problems of fungal infections is by using natural product from plants that are effective against many human pathogenic fungi. The study portrayed the use of the extracts of plant rhizomes as the alternatives to fight against number of human pathogenic fungi. This research aimed to investigate the antifungal activities of crude ethanol extract of five member of the family Zingiberaceae (Curcuma longa, Alpinia galanga Zingiber officinale. var. rubrum, Zingiber officinale var. officinarum and Zingiber officinale var. amarum), which are widely used as folk medicines against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Crude ethanol extracts of five members of Zingiberaceae were evaluated for their antifungal activities and the results were calculated based on the zones of inhibition using the diffusion method. The extract showed antifungal activity against Candida. albicans in the agar well diffusion assay (10.2-27.1 mm inhibition diameter) and against T. rubrum (27.3-44.3 mm inhibition diameter). The data have revealed that all rhizomes have the potential to be developed as antifungal agents, particularly against C. albicans and T. rubrum. Studies on the antifungal activity against yeast-like (C. albicans) and filamentous (T. rubrum) can provide new information about the benefits of members Zingiberaceae as a source of natural antifungal. Researchers can select the type of rhizome that has more potential for further extraction to obtain pure compounds that can be used as antifungals.

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Effect of Clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) against the growth of dandruff scalps-causing fungal pathogen using Kirby- Bauer method in vitro

Journal of Microbial Systematics and Biotechnology ◽

10.37604/jmsb.v3i1.78 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 41-48

Author(s):

Khusnul Khusnul ◽

Puput Putuh Anisa ◽

Dewi Peti Virgianti

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Microsporum Gypseum ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Contributing Factors

One of the strongest contributing factors in dandruff scalps is the presence of fungal pathogen or called as Malassezia. Several studies have found a connection between Malassezia and scalp health, one of which is caused by pathogenic fungal infections including Pityrosporum ovale, Microsporum gypseum, and Candida albicans. Clove flowers are known to contain eugenol and its derivative compounds which have antimicrobial, antifungal, antiseptic, and local anesthetic activity. This research aims to determine the effect of clove flower essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) against some dandruff-causing fungi. The research method was to test the inhibitory power of clove flower essential oil using the diffusion method (Kirby Bauer technique). Samples of pathogenic fungi were cultured on SDA media (Saboroud Dextrose Agar) and given discs that had been given several concentrations of clove flower essential oil. The concentrations used were 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, positive control using 2% ketoconazole and negative control using virgin coconut oil (VCO). The results showed a significant effect between the ability of essential oils to inhibit the growth of some fungi that cause dandruff. The treatment of clove flower essential oil against M. gypseum at the concentration of 10% has an inhibitory ability of 33,05 mm and at the concentration of 100% amounted to 63.95 mm. Meanwhile, the inhibition percentage in P. ovale with a concentration of 10% and 100% of extract were 14,75 mm and 46,15 mm, respectively. The inhibition rate in C. albicans with the concentration of 10% extract and 100% of extract was 13,5 mm and 39,35 mm. The research shows that clove flower essential oil inhibits the growth of several pathogenic fungal in vitro.

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